{"componentChunkName":"component---common-build-tags-template-js","path":"/tag/cb2/","result":{"data":{"allArticle":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"Article_2739-markdown","title":"How Cannabis Can Keep You Healthy Via Your Gut Microbiome","slug":"how-cannabis-can-keep-you-healthy-via-your-gut-microbiome","content":"Since the early 2000s, our knowledge on the gut microbiome has soared: We now know that microbes in our digestive system can influence our immune response, metabolism and even our mental health. \n\nGiven that our gut health seems to be interconnected with many systems in our body, it makes sense that the endocannabinoid system (ECS)—and the components that work on it, like cannabis—can affect our gut microbiome as well.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### The Connection Between the Endocannabinoid System & the Gut Microbiome \n\nThe network of receptors in our body that make up the ECS plays a key role in a number of life processes like eating, sleeping and handling stress. Cannabinoids, like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), found in cannabis act on this system to produce therapeutic effects such as pain and stress relief. Our bodies also make cannabinoids that attach to this system; they’re known as endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids, and the two that are most studied are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG). \n\nBoth cannabinoids from cannabis and those made by our bodies, attach to receptors in the endocannabinoid system. The two receptors that are the most well-studied and prevalent are CB1 and CB2. \n\nStudies show that [microorganisms in the gut can control levels of endocannabinoids by influencing different parts of the endocannabinoid system](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26678807), including the CB1 receptor, and the enzymes that breakdown AEA and 2AG. \n\nChanges in the gut microbiome via high-fat diets, prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics can also alter the endocannabinoid system in various ways—for example, by changing how CB1 and CB2 receptors are expressed, or altering endocannabinoid levels. \n\nRELATED: [MARIJUANA, GUT HEALTH AND THE BRAIN](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/59c96bc5e79bb936e12ce02e/marijuana-gut-health-and-the-brain)\n\nIt’s apparent that the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoid system are linked in some way, though more research needs to be done to figure out exactly how—and studies are already underway. \n\n### THC Prevents Weight Gain & Negative Changes in Gut Microbiota \n\nTo further explore how the endocannabinoid system and the gut microbiome are interconnected, scientists are studying cannabis’s effect on mice. \n\nA 2015 study by researchers in Canada set out to find [how diet combined with daily administration of THC would affect the weight and gut microbiota of mice](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144270). Researchers gave mice either a lean or high-fat diet, along with THC or a placebo daily for a total of six weeks. \n\nAt the end of the study, they found that mice fed a high-fat diet without THC gained up to 4 g of weight—that’s a lot for a tiny mouse: about a 20% increase in body mass. Meanwhile, the mice on the high-fat diet with THC didn’t gain any weight on average. The mice on the lean diet didn’t gain any weight either—regardless of whether they consumed THC. \n\nThe researchers also looked at gut microbiota in the mice. Scientists already know that [obese and diabetic mice have different microbiota compositions](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664638) than their healthy counterparts do—the former tend to have higher levels of bad, or harmful, bacteria in their system relative to good bacteria. This imbalance is in turn associated with how the body metabolizes fats. A higher ratio of bad bacteria can activate enzymes that encourage the storage of fat in fat cells, thereby causing weight gain. \n\nIn the mice fed a high-fat diet with THC, the imbalance—more bad vs. good bacteria—was prevented, though the reasons why are still a mystery. \n\nIn another interesting twist, mice on the high-fat diet with THC also had increased levels of a prebiotic called _Akkermansia muciniphila_ in their guts than the mice on other regimens did—even the ones fed a lean diet. In other studies, [the addition of _Akkermansia muciniphila_ in mice led to an increase in CB2 receptors](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671105). These receptors help control inflammation in the body. The prebiotic also limits the amount of fat that mice gain and improves how fat is metabolized. \n\nWhile we don’t exactly know how the endocannabinoid system and our individual gut microbiotas interact, it’s clear that there’s a connection, and that this connection could play a role in how we treat obesity, diabetes and likely many other conditions.  \n\nPhoto credit: [Warren Wong](https://unsplash.com/@wflwong)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3605442176870748,"src":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/14b42/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg","srcSet":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/f836f/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/2244e/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 400w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/14b42/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 800w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/47498/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 1200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/0e329/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 1600w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/a26ee/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.jpg 3734w","srcWebp":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/58556/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/61e93/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/1f5c5/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 400w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/58556/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 800w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/99238/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 1200w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/7c22d/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 1600w,\n/static/fd625e499f03894550a886e2c97fad0f/20abc/e05afc7df4727426fed0661b2dd963f7.webp 3734w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2640-markdown","title":"HelloMD’s Dr. Perry Solomon Goes Deep on Cannabis for Almost 30","slug":"hellomds-dr-perry-solomon-goes-deep-on-cannabis-for-almost-30","content":"HelloMD’s Chief Medical Officer [Dr. Perry Solomon](https://www.hellomd.com/people/54cc02df6465320003000000/Perry%20Solomon,%20MD) was recently featured on “[Almost 30](https://www.almost30podcast.com/),” an iTunes top 10 health podcast. Hosted by Krista Williams and Lindsey Simcik, the podcast’s mission is to “propel personal growth and navigate any transition.” Naturally, gaining a better understanding of cannabis’s healing properties—and how the plant fits into a person’s health and wellness goals—jibes with that mission.\n\nIn episodes 104 and 105 of “Almost 30,” Dr. Solomon touches on a lot of different cannabis-related topics including why people were tricked into believing that cannabis is harmful to their health; cannabis as a health and wellness supplement as well as a remedy for pain; and how cannabidiol (CBD) oil is used in suppository form to help relieve menstrual cramps.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\nCheck out a few excerpts taken from parts 1 and 2 of the “Almost 30” podcast featuring Dr. Solomon. You can also listen to [episode 104](https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/almost-30-podcast/e/53772306) and [episode 105](https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/almost-30-podcast/e/53805695) in their entirety online.\n\n### Almost 30: Can you talk to us about the science behind how [cannabis] works, and how it subdues pain, and it's relaxing people, helping people sleep, reducing anxiety. I don't know the science behind it. I just know it works.\n\n** Dr Perry Solomon:** Basically … the endocannabinoid system is a system of homeostasis in our bodies that keeps everything in check. It's something that was discovered around the 1970s, early 1970s by Raphael Mechoulam in Israel. And it's something that genetically has been there for thousands and thousands of years [in terms of having a check and balance system in the body].\n\nIn other words, what happens is you have synapses in your body, and chemicals become released from one side, or from one synapse to the other, … to transfer information and sensations, and what happens is there’s a retrograde feedback mechanism. Picture two ends of a wire, and from one end the electricity or the information goes to the other end, and if something gets overstimulated because it's out of balance, the endocannabinoid system is the system that takes the second signal, goes back to the first signal and says, ‘OK, slow down that rate of firing for pain or sensation or anxiety.’\n\nAnd usually when the body's in homeostasis, the endocannabinoid system (“endo” meaning it's from your body), or the feedback mechanism, is [in a state where] everything stays nice and cool. Everything's calm, cool, collected. The pain isn't there and everything's fine.\n\nRELATED: [MARIJUANA, CANNABINOIDS & HOMEOSTASIS](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56b27573fe98a100080001f1/marijuana-cannabinoids-and-homeostasis-a-balancing-act)\n\nBut when things start firing abnormally, the endocannabinoid system gets kind of out of whack. And if you have a decrease in some of the endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2AG—these are natural chemicals that are found in your body that act as that retrograde feedback blocker to slow things down or speed things up—if those are lacking or not in balance, things happen that you don't want to have to happen, whether it be an immunologic problem, whether it be from pain or anything else.\n\nPhytocannabinoids, the things that are in cannabis (“phyto” meaning plant), … match up to the two types of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, that are found in the body. These are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD. Each of these phytocannabinoids takes the place of the endocannabinoids that may be deficient, and so the chemicals that you use from the plant eventually take over for the ones that are supposed to be in good balance in your body (but aren’t or are lacking).\n\nCBD, for example, is more of an anti-inflammatory compound that helps with the CB2 receptors, which are concentrated in the inflammatory tissues in the body. And THC concentrates on the CB1 receptor that's mostly found in the brain, which is why you get those psychoactive effects from THC, and you don't get it from CBD—because there aren’t many CBD receptors, or CB2 receptors, in the brain. \n\n![Perry Solomon on \"Almost 30\"](https://hellomd-development.s3.amazonaws.com/articles-5ac807aaf24d1300077ccbc1-795dbfd4-1095-4db4-8655-4fb7b7b45186/original.jpg)\n\n### A30: So, THC is the psychoactive compound?\n\n**PS:** Correct. And it’s psychoactive because of the fact that the CB1 receptor is primarily in the brain. It's thought that the runner's high and the other things that occur are because anandamide goes up into the brain, causing that rush of feeling. … People call this the endorphin rush, and it's probably not that. It's probably the anandamide that’s getting into the brain, because endorphins don't cross the blood-brain barrier to get into the head. So, the rush that they're feeling is probably from the endocannabinoid system in the brain more than anything else. \n\nRELATED: [WHY DOES CANNABIS MAKE YOU FEEL GOOD?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/582b86cce686fc000c657034/why-does-cannabis-make-you-feel-good)\n\n### A30: What are some of the symptoms that people are saying that CBD helps them with?\n\n**PS:** Well, for example, menstrual cramps in women. There are some suppositories that are coming out that are just CBD as an anti-inflammatory that appear to be working without any THC in it. … Again, it's an individualized type of thing. People use it also for migraines. This is another way that people are using CBD only to be able to treat that.\n\nAgain, the entourage effect seems to show that the cannabis may work a little bit better with both CBD and THC, but there are people who get a fantastic response with just a CBD-only product … for their migraines. Sports recovery is another one where people just use a CBD-only ointment or salve on their skin to help muscles relax a little bit. And also, again, because muscle injuries are an inflammatory type of byproduct of exercise. \n\n### A30: I love using the CBD creams and things. So, what is it actually doing? So, it's being absorbed into the skin and into the bloodstream? And it's connecting the CB1 receptor to the CBD? \n\n**PS:** For CBD, it would be the CB2 receptor. That's what’s theorized as what it does. With the skin, there are people in the medical community and the cannabis community who feel that it doesn't get absorbed at all. Some people think that it does. Again, it may get absorbed better with a plastic covering on it, like a patch. What happens with the cream is that some of it can get evaporated up in the air. Some people put it on, and it comes with a plastic cover on it that essentially eliminates any type of evaporative loss, and it all gets put into the skin.\n\nSome people also use the THC/CBD ointment, and they ask us, ‘Well, can I test THC-positive if my work is screening for THC?’ And that's a questionable thing. It may be that enough can get absorbed to test positive for THC in your urine if your job of tests for that. So, people say, ‘Well, what should I use if they do test me, and I don't want to take any chances?’ And we say, ‘Well then a CBD-only [product],’ because that's not something that’s psychoactive or that people are testing for. \n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-trying-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online. ","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3605442176870748,"src":"/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/14b42/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg","srcSet":"/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/f836f/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg 200w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/2244e/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg 400w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/14b42/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg 800w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/47498/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg 1200w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/0e329/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg 1600w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/e85c0/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.jpg 3100w","srcWebp":"/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/58556/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/61e93/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp 200w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/1f5c5/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp 400w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/58556/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp 800w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/99238/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp 1200w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/7c22d/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp 1600w,\n/static/4b66eb7ae14ca97de7e0e6de08b06cae/48e8b/af2285da7e7aec199053950a20a232f4.webp 3100w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2469-markdown","title":"CBD and THC: A Perfect Balance for Healing","slug":"cbd-and-thc-a-perfect-balance-for-healing","content":"Herbalists say that for every poisonous plant, there’s another with an antidote not far away. That kind of balance between opposites is everywhere in nature—and that may help to explain the interplay between THC and CBD, the two most plentiful compounds in the marijuana plant. Although these two substances appear to have opposing effects, in combination each [affects the action of the other](https://www.zamnesia.com/blog-cannabinoid-syngergy-how-cbd-and-thc-work-together-n719) to keep the marijuana high from spinning out of control—and create some potent healing benefits.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### THC: Marijuana’s Most Famous Compound\n\nTHC (officially known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the most prevalent of more than one hundred compounds found in the marijuana plant. It’s followed closely by cannabidiol, or CBD. Separately and together, these two compounds are the cannabis ingredients to be most closely studied for their applications in treating a wide range of health conditions ranging from cancer to PTSD.  \n\nTHC is probably the best known of marijuana’s many compounds. Its psychoactive properties are responsible for the cannabis “high” enjoyed by recreational users—and for keeping marijuana on the DEA’s list of what they consider to be highly addictive and dangerous drugs. \n\n For most users, that high delivers a feeling of relaxation and euphoria. But for others, THC can cause less pleasant reactions—nervousness, anxiety and paranoia. The likelihood of those kinds of negative effects rises when a user consumes cannabis grown from strains that are very high in THC. Some studies also suggest that long term or extensive use of THC can permanently affect brain functions such as memory or cognition.\n\nBut THC isn’t just good for a good time as it also has potent healing properties. The endocannabinoid system is a vast network of natural cannabinoid receptors that occur throughout the body. These receptors can be filled by cannabinoids manufactured by the body itself, or by introducing cannabis from outside sources like smoking or consuming it. \n\nThe body’s CB1 and CB2 receptors are abundant in the brain, organs and tissues, and THC binds with them in ways that are nearly identical to natural endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2-AG. That means THC can be beneficial in treating a wide range of health conditions affecting both body and mind—especially when it’s [accompanied by CBD](http://pureanalytics.net/blog/2012/02/19/how-thc-and-cbd-work-together/).\n\nRELATED: [CANNABIS 101: THC vs CBD](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/57a17dc121a3ad00076694fc/cannabis-101-thc-vs-cbd)\n\n### CBD Works In Many Ways\n\nCBD is the second most common compound found in cannabis, and although it lacks the psychoactive properties of THC, many studies have found that it has numerous whole body health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and boosting immune system functions. Available in forms such as oil concentrates, edibles and even skin creams and ointments, CBD can help reduce chronic pain, ease the symptoms of autoimmune disorders and migraines, and reduce the nausea associated with cancer treatment.\n\nBut while THC binds directly with the body’s own endocannabinoid receptors in the brain, central nervous system and other organs and tissues, CBD [works in more mysterious ways](https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-pharmacology/how-cbd-works). Whether it’s the raw plant form known as CBDA or the extracted version CBD, this compound doesn’t directly bind with either of the body’s cannabinoid receptors. Rather, it either enhances or inhibits the activity of a long list of other receptors and channels that affect processes ranging from the proliferation of cells (particularly cancer cells) to the uptake of the calming neurotransmitter GABA.\n\n### CBD Reins In THC’s Psychoactivity\n\nCBD also has the ability to act allosterically on some kinds of receptors. That is, it can change the receptor’s shape to affect its behavior, either positively or negatively. And in that capacity, CBD can affect the endocannabinoid receptor CB1, even though it doesn’t bind directly to it. As a negative allosteric modulator, CBD weakens the ability of CB1 receptors to bind to THC, and that limits the psychoactive effects of THC while preserving its therapeutic qualities.\n\n### The Entourage Effect: Better Together\n\nThe “entourage effect” is what happens when multiple elements work together to enhance the positive effects of them all. When THC and CBD are used in combination, they produce [much greater \nbenefits](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053780) than when used alone. And studies reveal that those benefits in turn are amplified when the whole marijuana plant is used, rather than isolated extracts of THC and CBD. The combination of THC’s direct effects on the endocannabinoid system and CBD’s activity on other kinds of receptors accounts for the most potent healing properties of cannabis.\n\nCBD helps to prolong the effects of THC therapies for cancer and other conditions. Because CBD is able to weaken CB1’s ability to bind with THC, it slows the breakdown of THC in the liver, so that the effects of the treatment last longer. Studies also reveal that the combination of THC and CBD is more able to [enhance the effectiveness of radiation \ntherapy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398831) to treat high-grade glioma—an aggressive and usually inoperative cancer of the brain—than either of these compounds alone.\n\nResearch also suggests that THC may be helpful in reducing the anxiety and hyperarousal common in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), precisely because that psychoactive high produces feelings of relaxation and can also help eliminate negative memories. But THC is more effective when combined with CBD, which keeps THC’s psychoactivity under control, so that its negative psychoactive effects don’t undermine treatment.\n\nTHC and CBD alone both have their own medicinal benefits. But in combination, the whole seems to be greater than the sum of its parts. The exact proportions of THC relative to CBD in a particular treatment can vary widely, depending on the individual and the goals of the treatment, but finding a balance between these two compounds may be the key to unlocking the many healing benefits of cannabis.\n\nIf you are new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.  \n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/2wBDABALDA4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVGC8aGi9jQjhCY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2P/wgARCAAPABQDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAFwABAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUBBP/EABUBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB/9oADAMBAAIQAxAAAAHpTttrpA//xAAaEAACAwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgADEwQS/9oACAEBAAEFAgyznsZhokFpErt8DWf/xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ/9oACAEDAQE/AT//xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ/9oACAECAQE/AT//xAAeEAABBAEFAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIRMQMhQVGCof/aAAgBAQAGPwLR0dR6uyU7gvwkVE3KP//EABsQAQACAwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAESExYUGR/9oACAEBAAE/IXuZdtAsUpiOiL8OuSsAgLx7E3p8n//aAAwDAQACAAMAAAAQPP8A/8QAFhEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAER/9oACAEDAQE/ELGP/8QAFhEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAER/9oACAECAQE/ELGP/8QAHhABAAICAQUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQARITFBUWFxkcH/2gAIAQEAAT8QM+UH1CcSxYpjVuDtG/LvW0I0K9JZ9SuYsWGy9ef/2Q==","aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"src":"/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/14b42/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.jpg","srcSet":"/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/f836f/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.jpg 200w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/2244e/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.jpg 400w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/14b42/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.jpg 800w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/47498/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.jpg 1200w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/54ac5/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.jpg 1365w","srcWebp":"/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/58556/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/61e93/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.webp 200w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/1f5c5/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.webp 400w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/58556/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.webp 800w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/99238/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.webp 1200w,\n/static/5c69f35086e35aacf0c326feb36e54dd/5e0b8/de3a5ac376c67184f789ec602cb3378f.webp 1365w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2158-markdown","title":"Endocannabinoid System & Habit Forming","slug":"endocannabinoid-system-and-habit-forming","content":"### How the Endocannabinoid System Relates to Our Habits\r\n\r\nA recent study published in _Neuron_, a prominent neuroscience journal, showed a promising connection between habit forming and the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The research was led by Christina Gremel, an assistant professor of physiology at the University of California San Diego. The study showed that endocannabinoids, neurochemicals in our body that are similar to cannabinoids found in cannabis, allow for habit to take control of our body's action. This redirects our body from a goal-directed action to a habit, which we have preformed many times, such as brushing our teeth. It was already known that the ECS played a role in many parts of our bodies inner workings, but this study shows a new breakthrough in how important the endocannabinoid system is to our overall body function. \r\n\r\n### Orbital Frontal Cortex & Habit or Goal-Directed Action\r\n\r\nEarlier research by Gremel focused on the orbital frontal cortex (OFC), which is important for relaying information related to goal-directed action. When researchers increased the number of output neurons in the OFC using optogenetics, flashes of light that turn on and off receptors in the brain, they found that goal-directed action increased. When they decreased neuron outputs, the OFC was subdued and habit took over. This previous research served as a base for the understanding of how the OFC is connected to habit and goal-directed action, which was an important component in the study that showed the connection between the ECS and habit formation.\r\n\r\n### The Endocannabinoid System and Habit Formation\r\n\r\nThe study related to the ECS was conducted using trained mice, which pushed a lever for a food reward. They placed the mice in two different environments, one that was goal-directed and one that was habitual. The mice were able to switch between the two environments with relative ease, much like a human can switch between habitual action and a new task they set out to do. For example, the difference between the habit of getting home or the goal-directed action of getting to a new location not previously known. The researchers hypothesized that cannabinoids may be responsible for quieting the OFC, because they're known to reduce neuron activity in general, allowing habit to take over in the brain. \r\n\r\nTo test this hypothesis, researchers deleted the CB1 receptor in the orbital frontal cortex-to-striatum pathway. Mice missing the CB1 receptors weren't able to form habits, showing the critical connection between the ECS and the neurochemicals that travel along the pathway. It can be concluded from this study that without the ECS stimulated by internal cannabinoids, the consequences could be great, because they couldn't form habits.\r\n\r\n“We need a balance between habitual and goal-directed actions. For everyday function, we need to be able to make routine actions quickly and efficiently, and habits serve this purpose,” said lead researcher Gremel. “However, we also encounter changing circumstances, and need the capacity to ‘break habits’ and perform a goal-directed action based on updated information. When we can’t, there can be devastating consequences.”\r\n\r\nThis study could prompt exploration into a new therapeutic use for marijuana for people with OCD or addiction problems. If the endocannabinoid system is deeply rooted in habit forming, and being able to break from habits based on a goal-directed action, it could aid in decreasing over-reliance on a particular habit. The body's own endocannabinoid system may need to be treated in some way to restore the ability to shift from habits to goal-directed action. \r\n\r\n[Photo Credit](https://www.flickr.com/photos/patricksavalle/9117978909/in/photolist-eTJ2sV-pzrtM8-hzDFXw-zHZNob-hzDvmR-r8EjBC-AoqtoW-nShRRP-q9g9fG-qM2oUL-rypYCT-hw9SCx-bwrdqi-iHnwCf-pKQRmF-ACJdCQ-c6gErf-pbhqCB-ndE9T1-hw9ZV1-9mcPgh-ADQ8i9-ADQeTy-oTN878-c2aXWU-aMZ8qp-c6a5fq-8cgqdh-ACJgYN-ADQaSY-zJ9f42-q7FZcA-zHZMes-qHeAdF-qdWLSN-qsKcw1-pJ4zEP-AoqiBb-nm3aYa-icvBja-Gyvo55-icvahc-icvaKB-qQ8S14-mmv9ta-ai7hLR-pb1F5v-pUhKDK-bnCSKK-ai7gQa)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAANCAIAAAAmMtkJAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAADJElEQVQozwEZA+b8APPbqPPisPPltvPisvPbq/PVp/PTpvPMofPAmeiykNemiMqchbuSgLaOga2Jf6KBeZh6c5Jzb4ltaodqZwDzxZX1z5/z1aTz1aT01aX116j11ab2y57zvZXmsI/WpYbHmYG/kn9vVEozKCWKbmiKb2uBZ2V+ZGJ7YV8A3aaB6rOK8r6R88WV77+U6ryS6biQ5rKM3KmHz5+ExZmCvJN+vpOAQTEqAAAAeWFeh21pfmdkeWJhdl9eAMSVdM2betahftikgdKhgMyefsSXfMWYfaiBa3tgU19LQFRDOkk6NSMbGBQQD0E0MkQ2NDswLj4zMkk8PACyhmi3imu6jm67j3C7kHC6jXGzinCthm6jfmqTc2B8YlRlUEg/Mi0CAgEAAAAfGRc8MTFGPDxLQEBQREQAmnVdnXlfn3tin3xjoH1knnxkmXlimXhilXVij3Bfh2teg2pfclxUCAYGAQIBUUNAYFJQU0lJUEZHTEJCAIVdRYphSI9lSpVoTIpiSoNdR4FcSGRKPVVBN04+NU89NUo6NCkiHwAAAAgHBkAzL0c3M0E0MTwwLDUqJwB9TzZ+UDaFVDiQWz2EVTp8UDeBUzlrRjFVOClGLyNLMic4Jh4EAgEAAAAAAAALBwcYEA4qHRovIR4oGxoAeVA2g1Y7hlg9iVs+hFg9fVY8c1A7b006Z0g2ZEU2SjUrDAkICwgHLSAcIRcUEQwKBwUEAQEBJRwbLSEhAHpKMIBPM4dTNYdSNYFQNXlMM3BHMGlDLmE/LDUiGgUDAyAVEUYvJUIsJTsnIjsnITIhHQMCAhEMDCodHAB2RSx+Si2JUDGPUjKITzGGTjCASi5xQyphOCYNBwYIBQRGKyFCKSA4Ih0zHxoxHhkxHhoMBwcDAwIjFRQAeEAliEoqkE8ukk8ui0srhUgqfkQnbz0lYzYhSygbIBEMFw0JLxoUMxwXMRoVLBcTJhQSCAUEAAAACAQEAIJIK4NFJ5JLKYtHJ35BJHU8Imw3H2AxHlYsGksmGD4eFBwMCQ0HBR0PCxwNCxUKCQwGBgAAAAYDAxsMDDyDDFh2R90tAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","aspectRatio":1.5151515151515151,"src":"/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/ee604/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.png","srcSet":"/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/69585/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.png 200w,\n/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/497c6/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.png 400w,\n/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/ee604/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.png 800w,\n/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/3b2e7/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.png 1034w","srcWebp":"/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/58556/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/61e93/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.webp 200w,\n/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/1f5c5/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.webp 400w,\n/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/58556/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.webp 800w,\n/static/7a12497232ae98a177bc01367b4885da/bfd1f/b24ba8b12aa4065ebc83dbd7b7729713.webp 1034w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2100-markdown","title":"What Is the Endocannabinoid System?","slug":"what-is-the-endocannabinoid-system","content":"The endocannabinoid system, the series of cannabinoid receptors throughout the human body, was named for the drug that sparked its discovery, cannabis. As researchers strove to learn more about how cannabis affected the human body, they discovered a series of cannabinoid receptors, which respond to cannabinoids produced by the body and those present in marijuana. \n\nCannabinoid receptors are found in the brain, organs, connective tissue, glands and immune cells, making them essential to the function of almost all parts of the human body. All animal species, with the exception of bugs, have an endocannabinoid system, and researchers believe it evolved approximately 600 million years ago. Though there are many gaps in the scientific knowledge of the endocannabinoid system, scientists have still gathered a lot of information on its function within the human body.\n\nThe endocannbinoid system responds to both endocannabinoids, cannabinoids produced within the body, and phyotocannabinoids, cannabinoids that are sourced from plants. There are believed to be several endocannabinoids, but the two most well understood are anandamide and 2-arachidonolyglycerol.\n\nPhytocannabinoids have mostly been identified from Cannabis sativa, but they have also been found in other medicinal herbs, such as Echinacea purpura. The most well-known cannabinoids from cannabis are THC and CBD. Cannabinoids can be psychoactive, as is the case with THC, though most cannabinoids are non-psychoactive. \n\n### The Endocannabinoid System in the Human Body\n\nScientists believe there are more cannabinoid receptors present than any other receptor in the human body. Two specific kinds of cannabinoid receptors have been identified to make up the endocannabinoid system. The CB1 receptor is normally present in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands and organs, whereas the CB2 receptor is present in the immune system and associated structures.\n\nDue to the fact that cannabinoid receptors reach into almost every part of the body, cannabinoids are integral in many different bodily functions. Cannabinoids are used in intercellular communication, and since their discovery, have helped us better understand the bridges between body and mind. \n\nCannabinoids are also crucial in the process of maintaining homeostasis within cells and the body as a whole. The endocannabinoid system regulates autophagy, a process in which the cell segregates one part of its contents to be self-digested. It's extremely important that the body maintain the correct balance of cannabinoids in order to function properly and keep the whole body healthy.\n\n“While this process keeps normal cells alive, allowing them to maintain a balance between the synthesis, degradation, and subsequent recycling of cellular products, it has a deadly effect on malignant tumor cells, causing them to consume themselves in a programmed cellular suicide. The death of cancer cells, of course, promotes homeostasis and survival at the level of the entire organism,” said Dustin Sulak, DO to Norml. \n\n### How Cannabis Works on Our Endocannabinoid System\n\nCannabinoids from marijuana can stimulate or mimic our natural cannabinoid production. When phytocannabinoids are introduced, they can cause an increase of cannabinoid receptors in the body. This increase in cannabinoid receptors can help to explain why people don't “feel” any effects the first time they take marijuana. But their heightened number of cannabinoid receptors, once they've previously introduced cannabinoids into their body, causes a more prominent effect.\n\nCannabis can work synergistically with the endocannabinoids produced inside the body to bring the body into homeostasis. Cannabis, unlike other synthetic medications, works in harmony with the body to bring it into health by obtaining equilibrium. \n\n### The Key to Many Chronic Illnesses\n\nClinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CECD) is believed to occur when endocannabinoid levels are found to be persistently lower than healthy control. The cause of CECD is unknown, but it is believed that an imbalance of cannabinoids could either be congenital or acquired throughout a period of time. Low endocannabinoid levels could be the cause of some chronic illnesses, rather than just a symptom. CECD is most often attributed to fibromyalgia, migraines, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cystic fibrosis. \n\nMany sufferers of the five conditions that are thought to be attributed to CECD often feel relief when using marijuana as a medication. Cannabinoids, such as THC, have been found to inhibit serotonin release in migraine sufferers, thereby relieving symptoms.\n\nIBS is thought to be related to endocannabinoid and serotonergic signaling. Though research into the connection is limited, this connection suggests that CB receptors may be a good target in alleviating IBS-related complications.\n\nASD has been linked to dysfunctional endocannabinoid signaling. This altered endocannabinoid expression suggests that there may be scientific backing for the anecdotal reports from parents who've had success administering medical marijuana to their children with ASD.\n\nAnd finally, 2011 study suggests that chronic congenital cystic fibrosis is the result of imbalanced endocannabinoid levels, indicating that phytocannabinoids could be viable routes of treatment. \n\n### How Can Cannabis Help?\n\nThe endocannabinoid system is all about balance and equilibrium. Finding the proper treatment is unique to each individual because it involves balancing cannabinoids found in the body with those provided by medical marijuana. Most current research seems to point to success using high-THC, low-CBD strains when combatting CECD-related conditions. That said, CBD appears to be very helpful in alleviating symptoms in other conditions. \n\nAs more research is done on the endocannabinoid system in the human body, medical marijuana prescriptions can become more precise and be less of a trial-and-error process. The increase in knowledge of the benefits of medical marijuana in aiding the body's own endocannabinoid system is crucial.\n\nDoctors today don't even learn about the endocannabinoid system in medical school, which is extremely detrimental to the overall health of the population. The first textbook on medical marijuana, however, is being released on May 31, 2016, giving hope for increased learning on the endocannabinoid system. \n\nInterested in asking a question about this topic? Go to [HelloMD Answers](https://www.hellomd.com/answers) and ask one of our doctors or community. \n\nIf you're new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/png;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.694915254237288,"src":"/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/27625/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.png","srcSet":"/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/69585/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.png 200w,\n/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/497c6/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.png 400w,\n/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/27625/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.png 680w","srcWebp":"/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/8829b/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/61e93/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.webp 200w,\n/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/1f5c5/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.webp 400w,\n/static/768d230b0385b65850b8409cc606da0b/8829b/4d822476cec6f575a6e6b373295fa8d0.webp 680w","sizes":"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px"}}}}}]}},"pageContext":{"limit":12,"skip":0,"numPages":1,"currentPage":1,"id":5082,"name":"Cb2","slug":"cb2","country":"US"}},"staticQueryHashes":["3949754563","4179947113","4202924991"]}