{"componentChunkName":"component---common-build-tags-template-js","path":"/tag/pinene/","result":{"data":{"allArticle":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"Article_2808-markdown","title":"Know Your Terpenes: Pinene","slug":"know-your-terpenes-pinene","content":"Love the sweet, earthy smell of pine needles on a Christmas tree? Or the flavor boost that spices like oregano and dill can lend to your favorite foods? If you do, thank pinene, the very common terpene that gives these and many other plants their distinctive fragrance. \n\nBut pinene also has potent healing properties—and that makes pinene-rich cannabis strains especially effective for treating a long list of health conditions such as asthma, arthritis and Crohn’s disease.\n\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\n\n### Terpenes, Cannabinoids & the Endocannabinoid System\n\nPinene is one of a very large group of terpenes, fragrant oils produced by the glands of many kinds of plants. Because of their strong smells, terpenes ward off predators—but these pungent oils also benefit the human body and brain. \n\nTerpenes are found in so many plants that are used for flavoring food that a number of them are considered food grade, or safe for consumption (though some terpenes are still considered toxic when consumed in large quantities). Terpenes can also be extracted and used alone as essential oils.\n\nPinene is abundant in the plant world, and cannabis is no exception. Research continues to reveal new information about the properties of the more than 200 terpenes found in the various strains of the _Cannabis sativa_ plant. And numerous studies have shown that the major terpenes have considerable healing properties. Those properties play out in synergy with the other terpenes and cannabinoids that give each strain its unique chemical profile.  \n\nLike the more familiar cannabinoid compounds tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), a vast network of receptors located throughout the body and brain. The ECS responds to both endocannabinoids produced by the body and to the nearly identical cannabinoids in cannabis. That explains why pinene, like the other major terpenes, can affect cells and tissues throughout the body.\n\n### Pinene’s Many Health Benefits\n\nPinene has two molecular forms: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. The two are identical except for a single molecule; this accounts for their different features and actions. But both work in conjunction with the rest of a cannabis strain’s overall chemical profile to support health and ease the symptoms of a variety of conditions.\n\nIn nature, alpha-pinene is more prevalent than beta-pinene, and the same is true in cannabis.  Alpha-pinene is responsible for the distinctive smell of pine needles and of some herbs, including rosemary. It also accounts for the smell of pine oil and turpentine, and it can also appear in citrus peel. Studies suggest that alpha-pinene might have more potent health benefits than beta-pinene does, but the beta form also plays an important role in protecting the body. \n\nBeta-pinene contributes to the fragrance of many cooking herbs including oregano, parsley and dill. In cannabis, it usually occurs in smaller amounts than the alpha version, but its connections to other terpenes create a synergistic effect. For example, beta-pinene appears to play a role in the production of another major terpene, myrcene, and some studies have shown that it can work with the terpene limonene) to fight viral infections.\n\n Several studies in recent years have revealed that pinene, particularly alpha-pinene, has a number of significant health benefits, including:\n\n* **Pain relief:** As an extracted oil and as part of a whole plant cannabis strain, pinene can affect the body’s pain receptors to reduce discomfort from conditions such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.\n\n* **Antioxidant properties:** Pinene can help to protect cells from excessive oxidation, which can break them down and make the body susceptible to a variety of diseases.\n\n* **Anti-inflammatory features:** Pinene can [reduce inflammation](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np400828x), which can depress the immune system and stress cells and tissues.\n\n* **Anti-viral characteristics:** Some laboratory research reveals that [beta-pinene with limonene can be 100% effective in killing the common herpes simplex virus](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393490/).\n\n* **Protection for the gastrointestinal system:** Pinene has been shown to [protect the lining of the stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal system](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4329611/) against inflammation and lesions from conditions such as ulcers and Crohn’s disease.\n\n* **Neutralizing THC:**  Pinene can inhibit the negative effects that come from consuming too much THC, such as short-term memory loss and feelings of fear and paranoia. That’s because it can cross the blood brain barrier and [directly affect the behavior of neurotransmitters in the brain](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573669), including GABA, a chemical that modulates mood, and the brain’s receptors for benzodiazepine medications.\n\n* **Bronchodilation:**  Pinene can ease congestion and constriction in the lungs and bronchial areas, making breathing easier for people with asthma and other pulmonary conditions.\n\n### Where to Find Pinene\n\nPinene is just one component of the many cannabinoids, terpenes and other substances that make up the whole cannabis plant. It works with all those elements to create an individual strain’s unique profile and boost the healing effects of all those other elements as well. \n\nBut some cannabis strains are high in pinene, and most of them are easily identifiable by their distinctively piney smell. Along with supporting the body’s healing mechanisms, the top pinene-rich cannabis strains can promote calm and focus, and balance the effects of too much THC. \n\n\nPinene is also available as a pure terpene extract that can be used in vaping and dabbing with other forms of cannabis, or to add to foods for flavoring. It’s also widely sold as an essential oil for aromatherapy. \n\nPinene in small amounts is considered safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but it can have some toxic effects when it’s ingested or inhaled, particularly when used in various cleaning products such as turpentine.  \n\nJust about everyone knows the scent of pinene, even if the name isn’t familiar. But pinene is more than just a nice scent—this abundant cannabis terpene has plenty of healing benefits for both the body and the brain.\n\nPhoto credit: [Jean Lakosnyk](https://unsplash.com/@lifelikeinspiration)\n\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://hellomd.com/articles/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.\n","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3793103448275863,"src":"/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/14b42/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg","srcSet":"/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/f836f/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg 200w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/2244e/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg 400w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/14b42/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg 800w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/47498/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg 1200w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/0e329/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg 1600w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/ef470/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.jpg 3656w","srcWebp":"/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/58556/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/61e93/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp 200w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/1f5c5/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp 400w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/58556/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp 800w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/99238/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp 1200w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/7c22d/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp 1600w,\n/static/d004e959a6a2c83405e48d2c4a6f7f06/e45da/0e12f35619b3380193f37735d22e08a7.webp 3656w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2620-markdown","title":"Cannabis Terpenes Pack a Therapeutic Punch","slug":"cannabis-terpenes-pack-a-therapeutic-punch","content":"While cannabinoids get a lot of the attention, people are beginning to understand the huge impact that terpenes can have on many aspects of the medicinal marijuana experience. In this article, part of our series geared towards folks new to cannabis, we’ll go over why terpenes can be the most important factor in choosing the right cannabis strains for you.\r\n\r\nFOLLOW US ON [FACEBOOK](https://www.facebook.com/pg/hellomdcompany/posts/) & [INSTAGRAM](https://www.instagram.com/hellomd_com/?hl=en)\r\n\r\n### What Are Terpenes? \t\r\n\r\n[Terpenes are the compounds in cannabis that are responsible for the smell and taste of the plant](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/562948683138320006d70000/terpenes-that-augment-the-healing-power-of-cannabis). Unlike cannabinoids, terpenes aren’t unique to cannabis, but are also found in many fruits and herbs. These flavorful and scent-producing chemicals are not only responsible for all of the variety in aroma and taste that consumers experience with cannabis, but they’ve also been shown to be therapeutically helpful, influencing the way cannabis affects us.\r\n\r\nIn fact, research suggests that [terpenes can serve as the biggest chemical factor in the experiential differences between cannabis strains](https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/variations-terpene-profiles-different-strains-cannabis-sativa-l). Like cannabinoids, [these chemicals are subject to the entourage effect](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56d0f3acbbf86b000b0000ae/what-is-the-entourage-effect). This means they interact with each other, and can thereby produce different effects depending on the other cannabinoids and terpenes they’re used in combination with.\r\n\r\nThat said, it’s crucial that you understand the effects of the most common terpenes so that you can make informed choices about the cannabis you consume. Here are a few of the main terpenes that are important to get to know.\r\n\r\nRELATED: [WHAT ARE TERPENES & WHAT IS THEIR EFFECT?](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56e359576d0ed000080000ba/what-are-terpenes-and-what-is-their-effect)\r\n\r\n### Myrcene\r\n\r\nMyrcene is the most common terpene found in cannabis. This terpene is also found in mangoes, bay leaves, thyme, lemongrass and hops. With a spicy, earthy, skunky aroma and flavor, myrcene is known for its ability to:\r\n\r\n* reduce pain\r\n* help with depression and anxiety\r\n* decrease inflammation\r\n* fight bacteria\r\n* improve sleep\r\n\r\nMyrcene is also a big determinant of whether a strain is energizing or sedative. If a marijuana strain has more than 0.5% myrcene, it will be sedative in nature, but if it has lower percentages of the terpene, it will be more energizing. \r\n\r\n### Limonene \r\n\r\n[Limonene, the second most common terpene, can be identified by its strong citrus aroma](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/574dfd85aa9671000c00004b/limonene-the-uplifting-citrusy-terpene); it’s found in the peel of many citrus fruits This terpene has been shown to help with gastrointestinal issues such as gastric reflux and ulcers. Limonene may also help:\r\n\r\n* fight bacterial infections\r\n* stimulate the immune system\r\n* suppress the growth of tumors\r\n* stimulate appetite\r\n* ease depression and anxiety\r\n\r\n### Caryophyllene\r\n\r\nCaryophyllene is another common terpene that’s found in most strains of cannabis. Also found in cloves and black pepper, this terpene brings the same peppery, earthy aromas you’d find in cloves, pepper, cinnamon or nutmeg. [Caryophyllene is the only terpene known to act on the endocannabinoid system](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56e359576d0ed000080000ba/what-are-terpenes-and-what-is-their-effect)—by binding to the CB2 receptor, it can help:\r\n\r\n* ease anxiety\r\n* reduce inflammation\r\n* alleviate pain\r\n\r\n### Linalool \r\n\r\nLinalool is the terpene responsible for the fragrant lavender or rose scent found in some cannabis strains. Also present in lavender, mint, citrus and a wide variety of other plants, linalool:\r\n\r\n* is a potent pain-reliever\r\n* has anti-seizure properties\r\n* can help with depression and anxiety\r\n* alleviate insomnia\r\n\r\n### Pinene\r\n\r\nAlso found in pine needles, pinene is the terpene that gives some cannabis strains their fresh pine-like aroma. Pinene is a bronchodilator, so it can even help reduce the severity of an asthma attack. This energizing terpene can also:\r\n\r\n* help improve focus and memory\r\n* act an anti-inflammatory\r\n\r\n### Humulene \r\n\r\nHumulene is the terpene that gives cannabis its woody, spicy, herbal aroma. Found in hops, as well as cannabis, humulene can:\r\n\r\n* reduce pain and inflammation\r\n* suppress appetite\r\n* act as an antioxidant\r\n\r\n### Using Cannabis Terpenes to Treat Your Symptoms or Condition \r\n\r\nWe’ve called out just a handful of some of the most common and plentiful of terpenes. To date, over 100 terpenes have been identified in cannabis plants. Understanding these terpenes can aid greatly in determining what cannabis strains may be most helpful in treating your symptoms or conditions. When you try out new strains, you can check the test results to see which terpenes are present in higher concentrations so as to make an informed decision about whether it’s right for you. \r\n\r\nEven when terpene test results aren’t available, you can sniff out these terpenes. That citrusy-smelling bud is sure to be high in limonene, while that sweet, skunky flower is probably packing a fair bit of myrcene. By noticing how your favorite—and least favorite—marijuana strains smell, you’ll learn to predict whether a strain will work well for you. \r\n\r\nIn the next installment of our Cannabis for Newbies guide, we’ll move onto another important topic: how growing methods—indoor, outdoor and greenhouse—affect your cannabis products.\r\n\r\nPhoto credit: [David Gach](https://www.flickr.com/photos/129410009@N08/)\r\n\r\nNeed a medical marijuana recommendation? [Consult with one of HelloMD’s knowledgeable doctors](https://www.hellomd.com/); it's easy, private and 100% online.","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3605442176870748,"src":"/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/14b42/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg","srcSet":"/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/f836f/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg 200w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/2244e/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg 400w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/14b42/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg 800w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/47498/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg 1200w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/0e329/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg 1600w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/0fb1f/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.jpg 1862w","srcWebp":"/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/58556/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/61e93/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp 200w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/1f5c5/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp 400w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/58556/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp 800w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/99238/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp 1200w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/7c22d/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp 1600w,\n/static/68724c3ae879a4841a3d32c4b4dc8618/dc633/70558758d6c0a64a0db5b40f0bb4265a.webp 1862w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_2222-markdown","title":"What Are Terpenes and What Is Their Effect?","slug":"what-are-terpenes-and-what-is-their-effect","content":"The distinctive flavors and smells are one of the most striking\nqualities of marijuana, and it varies between strains. The flavors and\nsmells are produced by terpenes, which are small molecules with\nrepeating units of the organic compound isoprene. Terpenes are\nmanufactured inside specialized hairs, called trichomes, located on the\nsurface of the leaves and stems of the plant, and they account for 5-10\npercent of the total essential oils produced by trichomes; in fact,\nterpenes are found in all plants to varying degrees.\n\nMore than 100 different terpenes have been identified in marijuana, and\nthese terpene profiles can vary from strain to strain. Terpene profiling\n-- the process of determining the types and quantities of terpenes\npresent in a plant -- is thought to be one of the most accurate ways to\ndistinguish between marijuana strains. Various factors influence the\nratio of terpenes present in marijuana, including strain, environment,\ncultivation and degree of plant degradation.\n\n**The Role of Terpenes**\n\nTerpenes are functionally diverse, and many are integral to marijuana's\ngrowth and survival. They attract pollinators, repel harmful insects,\ndeter herbivores, protect against bacteria and fungi, and act as\nprecursors for more complex molecules, such as cannabinoids. Many\nterpenes interact with other types of terpenes, and some assist or\ninhibit the formation of different compounds within the marijuana plant.\n\n**Primary Terpenes**\n\nTerpenes can be classified as primary or secondary, depending on their\nrole: Primary terpenes are essential for plant growth and development,\nwhile secondary terpenes are involved in plant defenses. Following are\nsome of the primary terpenes found in marijuana:\n\n-   **Pinene** gives marijuana its earthy, pine-like flavor and spicy,\n    herbal notes. This terpene crosses the blood-brain barrier and\n    promotes memory retention and alertness by inhibiting the breakdown\n    of acetylcholinesterase, which is a chemical found in the brain. It\n    also acts as both a bronchodilator and an anti-inflammatory.\n-   **Caryophyllene** has a peppery flavor and a spicy, earthy aroma\n    with citrus notes. It is the only terpene known to act on the\n    [endocannabinoid\n    system](https://hellomd.com/articles/is-your-endocannabinoid-system-in-balance),\n    which regulates a variety of physiological processes, including\n    [pain\n    sensation](https://hellomd.com/articles/marijuana-nips-pain-in-the-bud)\n    and\n    [inflammation](https://hellomd.com/articles/medical-marijuana-as-an-aid-against-inflammation).\n    Activation of the CB2 receptors by caryophyllene is instrumental in\n    enhancing marijuana's anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.\n-   **Humulene** gives marijuana its robust, woody flavor and spicy,\n    herbal notes. This terpene possesses [anti-inflammatory\n    properties](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/the-powerful-anti-inflammatory-effects-of-cannabis)\n    and acts as an [appetite\n    suppressant](https://hellomd.com/articles/the-munchies-will-make-you-fat-right-think-again).\n-   **Linalool** has a floral flavor reminiscent of lavender, with the\n    addition of spicy overtones. It exhibits powerful analgesic and\n    [anti-seizure](https://hellomd.com/articles/epilepsy-relief-possible-through-medical-cannabis)\n    properties and is partly responsible for the sedative effects of\n    certain marijuana strains. It also has strong antibacterial,\n    anti-cancer and antifungal effects.\n-   **Myrcene** is the most common terpene found in marijuana, and it is\n    also present in bay, thyme, hops and lemongrass. This musky terpene\n    is a potent analgesic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory, and its\n    concentration determines whether a strain has an energizing or\n    sedative effect. Strains containing more than 0.5 percent of myrcene\n    have a\n    [sedative](https://hellomd.com/articles/medical-marijuana-could-help-insomniacs-sleep-better)\n    effect, while strains containing less than 0.5 percent myrcene\n    produce an\n    [energizing](https://hellomd.com/articles/relief-from-fibromyalgia-symptoms-the-case-for-medical-marijuana) effect.\n-   **Terpinolene** has a woody flavor and is responsible for many of\n    the floral notes characteristic of Jack Herer varieties\n    of marijuana. It has been shown to exhibit\n    [antioxidant](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/are-hemp-seeds-a-superfood),\n    [anti-cancer](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/marijuana-found-to-shrink-aggressive-brain-cancer)\n    and\n    [sedative](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/no-longer-sleepless-in-seattle-medical-marijuana-eases-insomnia) properties.\n-   **Limonene** is most often found in sativa strains of marijuana and\n    has a citrus flavor reminiscent of oranges. It has antioxidant,\n    anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and it is known to\n    activate enzymes that stimulate the liver and increase bile flow,\n    which in turn aids digestion. Studies show that limonene can also\n    help treat\n    [anxiety](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/does-marijuana-ease-anxiety)\n    and\n    [depression](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/depression-sufferers-find-relief-in-medical-marijuana).\n\n**Secondary Terpenes**\n\nFollowing are some of the secondary terpenes found in marijuana:\n\n-   **Sabinene** has a woody flavor with spicy, peppery notes. It has\n    been shown to aid digestion, relieve\n    [arthritis](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/cannabis-soothes-arthritis-pain)\n    and soothe skin conditions.\n-   **Phellandrene** is known for its peppermint flavor, with slight\n    citrus notes. It possesses\n    [antidepressant](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/depression-sufferers-find-relief-in-medical-marijuana).\n-   **Borneol** has a minty aroma and is found in high concentrations in\n    herbs such as rosemary and mint. It has both anti-inflammatory and\n    [analgesic](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/how-thc-and-cbd-work-to-fight-pain) effects.\n-   **Isoborneol** has a sweet and musty flavor; also found in mugwort,\n    isoborneol exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial\n    properties, and it inhibits the herpes simplex type 1 virus, which\n    causes cold sores.\n-   **Phytol** results from the breakdown of a green pigment\n    called chlorophyll. It has a floral, balsamic flavor and\n    demonstrates sedative and\n    [anti-anxiety](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/does-marijuana-ease-anxiety)\n    effects through inhibiting the activity of an enzyme that degrades\n    GABA, which is a chemical found in the brain.\n\n**The Entourage Effect**\n\nThe medicinal effects of terpenes are due in part to their interactions\nwith cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol\n(THC). [Research](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946/)\nconducted by Ethan Russo, MD and published in the British Journal of\nPharmacology in August 2011, reveals that terpenes mediate the\nphysiological and psychoactive effects of cannabinoids: a phenomenon\ntermed the [entourage\neffect](https://www.hellomd.com/articles/what-is-the-entourage-effect).\nThis may help to explain why the effects of synthetic cannabinoids --\nchemicals made to mimic the effects of naturally occurring cannabinoids\n-- differ from those of smoking or ingesting the whole marijuana plant\nand why different strains of the marijuana plant differ in their\neffects.\n\nThe primary and secondary terpenes in marijuana exhibit a variety of\naromas, flavors and medicinal benefits. Understanding the differences\nbetween the different types of terpenes make choosing a suitable strain\nof marijuana easier.\n\n[Photo Credit](https://www.flickr.com/photos/mindwhisperings/3202191448/in/photolist-5SY4Xo-8n6c7h-9kh3bS-p5UBJC-9iSR3f-oxTr4v-9rHh47-aaQcLJ-9rEiVB-9rEiTF-dQTKqM-4X5eAv-9rEiWz-6dnEaq-iCzjGK-fTq6wD-9rHh9W-7mSznR-4oThFo-5C16rF-P15Sc-kVXmSg-4TkU8v-8s8NiE-7C2C2K-hmjD7N-9L5jVV-HUhxF-as8xvv-6nphvT-62YzRN-6F6z28-2tiLf-dezxSJ-fch9VE-5J3N14-3ZHPK-3ZHQq-oxqQQR-pQgnHR-5ugN1D-rAiAvY-63oMZY-3ZHN5-nVfH1y-dawLt2-qqpVLu-abv6JW-qYY4AW-3ZHP2)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAOCAIAAACgpqunAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAADYUlEQVQozwFWA6n8AAIebAIfawIeagIaZgIYYwIaZQIhawIpcgIvdgIydgI1eQQ3dwY2dwQydQArdAEsbwMTJAAAAAACFwIYZAACJ24CJ28CJ2wCJmoCJWgCJWgDLW4COHcEQXwFQ3wAP3wAOXoAM3gAN3oVT34SS3wONlkoEwgGAAABIE4AAi1xAjFyAjVzAjhzAjpyAjxzAj93A0R6AUOAAEGEC0+GLWaFYYaLpbOgtbqORG9xEEh0jVw/NAoAABo3AAI0dAM3dAI+eAJCewNFewJDeQNEeAA/fhdSdlJ8ZYGbdHyUZ3GJcUhvcxhQcwBAdRpTgKmAZjUTAAAPJAAENHACNHMCN3QCOnYCO3UDPHUAN3oWTWZEbjckUVcJQGsAN3MANnYAOXcDQHgAO3MvWoC0gVwkDwAAABAAACh0BS9tAy9vAzBwAzBwAS9xCzpvRWw4BTVpAC9+Azd3Bjp1Bjx2BTx0BTtxADRvWGd3ilwyAQAADhIHADVVRwAweAE5cQA3cQEzbgAtciVPXlRsRgAyfAM8cwE6dgI5dAI4dQI7dQI2cAM3cKCIdFA4Kx0pESY0CQBFdEQ1aVMLUokQVn0NU30FTYMybGI9dFkHVIoNV4IGUYECSnwBR3kBRnYAPG4TSHjTsJZmckgkOSMBAAAAPG2Vd5ZSYoRxUnyfUX6PTXucbpJyZox3VIKjT4ObP3mWLm2PL2yOMm2LHV6GPm+BwrZ4UHJlP05CPzAAAJSjsJmps52sVJCgkpCfqJelsp6tgqawnK+3wZ6wuJmqtZChr4ifq4OasHGSkZCpb8q6ZZuCMbWCNX02CQDGydDCxszAxKy2wFbDxb7Iyc+5wpHO0Lja2NrX2NbX29bW08vBw9C7wp60vk+lskWPiDaci4e0p7Y2KykA0day3t7U6OL02Nek0NR26eXz0dad4+PO7Ojp6ujk5+np5Onu1NyMwMg/nK1lwsCZ0LF1rrqTsryKeXItANfbldPZftPZkuro5uHhj+rquuTluO/t2fbx8fPv7vbx8dvdhLjER73EbMzRb763Oa2mKrO8ZLK4cYV7PgD++P/79fDp6brf4X3t6qrm5Y7o6Kb18uL18fL28urK03KitjLDyVHRz2iohDisdT/fzsHz7e/68va9oJlVjmOjmjChGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","aspectRatio":1.4705882352941178,"src":"/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/ee604/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.png","srcSet":"/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/69585/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.png 200w,\n/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/497c6/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.png 400w,\n/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/ee604/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.png 800w,\n/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/a4253/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.png 969w","srcWebp":"/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/58556/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/61e93/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.webp 200w,\n/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/1f5c5/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.webp 400w,\n/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/58556/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.webp 800w,\n/static/9a4c5759398c1f0cf4d4bb602e683e40/c7cd9/33dc664e08b8641da97f6dca48afaa9a.webp 969w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}]}},"pageContext":{"limit":12,"skip":0,"numPages":1,"currentPage":1,"id":5638,"name":"Pinene","slug":"pinene","country":"US"}},"staticQueryHashes":["3949754563","4179947113","4202924991"]}