{"componentChunkName":"component---common-build-tags-template-js","path":"/tag/science-and-research/9","result":{"data":{"allArticle":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"Article_1946-markdown","title":"New Finds on PTSD and Medical Marijuana","slug":"new-finds-on-ptsd-and-medical-marijuana","content":"Although Colorado recently declined to approve medical marijuana for the\r\ntreatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a growing body of\r\nresearch shows a strong connection between the endocannabinoid system\r\nand PTSD.\r\n\r\nPTSD and the Endocannabinoid System\r\n-----------------------------------\r\n\r\nPTSD involves a series of conditioned fear responses. In the words of\r\nDr. Alexander Neumeister of the NYU School of Medicine, \"\\[PTSD\\] is an\r\nillness where people cannot forget what they have experienced.\"\r\nIncreasingly, it appears that the endocannabinoid system may play a\r\nlarge role in protecting against it. This may be due to both the number\r\nof cannabinoid receptors in the brain and the levels of cannabinoids\r\npresent. PTSD sufferers tend to have more [cannabinoid\r\nreceptors](http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v18/n9/abs/mp201361a.html)\r\nthan others, along with lower levels of at least one endocannabinoid.\r\n\r\nLow Cannabinoid Levels Increase the Likelihood of PTSD\r\n------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nA 2013 study published in the journal\r\n*[Psychoneuroendocrinology](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24035186)*\r\nsuggests that the role of the endocannabinoid system in protecting\r\nagainst PTSD may be critical. A joint effort between U.S. and Canadian\r\nresearchers, the study examined 46 subjects who were in the vicinity of\r\nthe World Trade Center during the 9/11 attacks. Of the participants, 24\r\nsuffered from PTSD while 22 did not. Researchers discovered that those\r\nwho experienced PTSD symptoms also had lower concentrations of\r\nanandamide -- one of the body's naturally-occurring cannabinoids -- than\r\nthose without PTSD.\r\n\r\nThe cannabinoid receptors concentrated in the brain and nervous system\r\nthat mediate many functions, including emotional learning and adaptation\r\nto stress, are called CB1 receptors. They're also involved in fear\r\nextinction, which is defined as a decline in conditioned fear responses.\r\nWhen the brain experiences deficits in cannabinoids, this can interfere\r\nwith CB1 signaling. Improper CB1 signaling can result in the hallmark\r\nsymptoms of PTSD, including impaired fear extinction, poor memory\r\nconsolidation, and chronic anxiety.\r\n\r\nFurther research, including a 2013 study conducted at the NYU Langone\r\nMedical Center, supports this idea. The study, published in *[Molecular\r\nPsychiatry](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23670490)*, used positron\r\nemission tomography to look at the brains of subjects with PTSD and\r\nwithout. The study included 60 people, and found that not only did\r\nsubjects with PTSD have lower anandamide, they also had more CB1\r\nreceptors in the areas of the brain associated with fear and anxiety.\r\nThis suggests that using cannabis to increase cannabinoid levels may be\r\nan effective tool for the treatment of PTSD.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/91262622@N02/14084495579)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/2wBDABALDA4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVGC8aGi9jQjhCY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2P/wgARCAANABQDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAFwAAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQFAf/EABYBAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAv/aAAwDAQACEAMQAAABUdTnFpaNH//EABoQAAMBAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQSERP/2gAIAQEAAQUCgeM8nSj0J+mkcZ5HyjwQt//EABURAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAR/9oACAEDAQE/Aaf/xAAVEQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQEf/aAAgBAgEBPwGH/8QAGxAAAgIDAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAECESFBUXH/2gAIAQEABj8Cc3plJ6sl6RgukaM5P//EABsQAQACAgMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAESExUWFx/9oACAEBAAE/IfFB3BJoZnhtB1SEckb2S6FXKz//2gAMAwEAAgADAAAAEO/f/8QAFxEBAAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAERIf/aAAgBAwEBPxCMLf/EABYRAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAhMf/aAAgBAgEBPxDSP//EACAQAQACAQIHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAERIQAxQVFhcYGRobH/2gAIAQEAAT8QMLIoHZVecXMSgNeXUwdlmR2vNJXZ40v3IYqksINMPfJ/aFmfWf/Z","aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/14b42/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.jpg","srcSet":"/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/f836f/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.jpg 200w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/2244e/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.jpg 400w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/14b42/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.jpg 800w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/47498/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.jpg 1200w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/a6974/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.jpg 1536w","srcWebp":"/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/58556/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/61e93/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.webp 200w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/1f5c5/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.webp 400w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/58556/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.webp 800w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/99238/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.webp 1200w,\n/static/7b4af705563d1a4f00b1e3ccedb4bde6/d5052/c891394c5167258d84119da6f8ae70f2.webp 1536w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1945-markdown","title":"Government Cancer Study Shows Cannabis Kills Cancer Cells","slug":"government-cancer-study-shows-cannabis-kills-cancer-cells","content":"For patients with cancer, the only hope for treatment used to be\r\ndifficult chemotherapy and radiation. Today, though, scientists are\r\ndiscovering that there may be a new avenue: cannabis. The [National\r\nCancer Institute](http://www.cancer.gov/) (NCI) is one of the foremost\r\nauthorities on cancer research and education in the United States.\r\nRecently, the organization conducted a study into the cancer-mitigating\r\neffects of cannabis and, according to the NCI's web page titled\r\n\"[Cannabis and\r\nCannabinoids](http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/cannabis-pdq# section/_3)\":\r\n\r\n\"Cannabis has been shown to kill cancer\r\n[cells](http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=46476&version=Patient&language=English)\r\nin the laboratory.\"\r\n\r\nWhile medical marijuana users have known for many years that medical\r\ncannabis can be effective at treating the negative symptoms associated\r\nwith cancer, the discovery that cannabis has actually been proven to\r\n[kill cancer\r\ncells](http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/cannabis-pdq/# link/_13)\r\nis an exciting revelation for medical marijuana users and the greater medical community world-wide.\r\n\r\nHow Does Cannabis Affect Cancer Cells?\r\n--------------------------------------\r\n\r\nAccording to the NCI data, cannabis has been shown to critically damage\r\nor kill cancer cells in cases of liver cancer and additional varieties\r\nof the disease. When the effects of medical cannabis on cancer were\r\ntested in laboratory rats, the researchers found that an active\r\ncomponent of marijuana,\r\n[delta-9-THC](http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=637),\r\nprovided important anti-tumor effects for varieties of lung cancer cells\r\nas well as breast cancer cells. In the breast cancer study, researchers\r\nfound that, while the medical cannabis killed the cancer cells, it did\r\nnot negatively affect healthy breast cells.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, when the effects of medical cannabis were studied on\r\nmetastatic breast cancer, the treatment was shown to lessen the number,\r\nsize and spread rate of tumors in the body.\r\n\r\nHow Can Cannabis Be Used in Concert With Traditional Medical Treatments?\r\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nSince the legalization of medical marijuana, patients have used cannabis\r\nto treat the pain, decreased appetite, and nausea associated with cancer\r\ntreatment. In addition to discovering that medical cannabis can actually\r\nkill cancer cells, the NCI study also reinforced the longstanding\r\nknowledge that marijuana can stimulate appetite, relieve pain, reduce\r\ninflammation, soothe anxiety, induce sleep and reduce nausea and\r\nvomiting in chemotherapy patients.\r\n\r\nAlthough cannabis itself is not currently approved by the FDA to treat\r\ncancer or its symptoms, there are two synthetic cannabinoids\r\n([dronabinol](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607054.html)\r\nand\r\n[nabilone](https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607048.html))\r\nthat are currently approved to treat nausea and vomiting resulting from\r\nchemotherapy.\r\n\r\nAlthough further clinical trials are needed to bring the use of cannabis\r\nfully into the cancer treatment field, all signs point to the fact that\r\ncancer patients will soon be able to access medical marijuana as a way\r\nto kill cancer cells and work toward maximum health.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/30950973@N03/4376905598)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"src":"/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/14b42/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.jpg","srcSet":"/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/f836f/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.jpg 200w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/2244e/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.jpg 400w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/14b42/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.jpg 800w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/47498/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.jpg 1200w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/54ac5/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.jpg 1365w","srcWebp":"/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/58556/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/61e93/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.webp 200w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/1f5c5/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.webp 400w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/58556/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.webp 800w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/99238/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.webp 1200w,\n/static/99ba9f425c4543fb6ae621a8ca4bc258/5e0b8/b18a5462ee6228e92d8692f466c71acf.webp 1365w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1944-markdown","title":"Medical Marijuana: A Breakthrough for Parkinson's Disease?","slug":"medical-marijuana-a-breakthrough-for-parkinsons-disease","content":"According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), [Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder](https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Parkinsons-Disease-Information-Page) that destroys dopaminergic neurons. This affects movement, muscle control, balance and other key functions. Parkinson’s is classified as part of a group of conditions known as motor systems disorders.\r\n\r\nThe cause of Parkinson’s disease is still not known, though certain gene variations seem to increase the risk of Parkinson’s, indicating that the disease may be hereditary in some cases. Environmental factors may also increase risk though this is only thought to occur in a small percentage of those afflicted. There’s no cure for Parkinson’s disease though conventional treatment such as deep brain stimulation as well as certain medications have been found to help manage the disease.\r\n\r\nRecently, the use of medical marijuana as an alternative therapy has received much attention as a potential breakthrough for Parkinson's disease.\r\n\r\nRELATED: [HOW CANNABIDIOL, OR CBD, CAN HELP WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/5a999166f24d1300077ccb6c/how-cannabidiol-or-cbd-can-help-with-parkinsons-disease)\r\n\r\n### Historical Use of Cannabis for Parkinson's Disease\r\n\r\nThe discovery of cannabis as a treatment for Parkinson's disease dates back to the late 1800s. William\r\nGowers found that [\"Indian hemp\" (cannabis) helped control tremors in Parkinson's patients](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234454/).\r\n\r\nOf the power of cannabis and opium in combination, he stated, \"I have several times seen a very distinct improvement for a considerable time under their use.\" It wasn't until the 21st century that cannabis was reintroduced as an effective alternative to pharmaceutical drugs as a means of treating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, thanks to its minimal side effects.\r\n\r\n### Treating the Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease With Medical Marijuana\r\n\r\nThough the use of medical marijuana remains controversial, its effects on Parkinson's disease have been documented. [Cannabis has the potential to work as a neuroprotective agent](http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/84/11/e2.58.abstract) by improving the function of mitochondria and the activation of cellular debris clearance. Meanwhile, according to David\r\nEsparza, who has battled the disease for 13 years, [cannabis oil has helped improve his attitude and reduce his shaking](http://www.medicaljane.com/2014/11/14/parkinsons-disease-and-medical-marijuana/).\r\n\r\nIn a recent study conducted by the NIH, [results suggested the effectiveness of marijuana for Parkinson’s symptoms](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24614667). According to the National Biotechnology Information (NCBI) arm of the NIH, 22 patients had favorable results in clinical trials in both 2011 and 2012.\r\n\r\nUsers' total scores on the Motor Examination portion of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale improved significantly from the mean score of 33.1 at baseline to 23.2 after cannabis consumption. Analysis of specific motor symptoms revealed significant improvement in tremors as well as sleep and pain scores after smoking cannabis for 30 minutes. The study concluded that cannabis may have a therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease symptoms. That said, a large-scale study should be conducted to further measure the success of treatment with cannabis.\r\n\r\n### More Research Needed on Cannabis for Parkinson’s, But Preliminary Results Show Promise\r\n\r\nWhile more research needs to be done to study the long-term effects of using medical marijuana for Parkinson's disease, [23 states](http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881) have now legalized cannabis oil. More states are in the process of enacting bills to follow suit, which should make medical marijuana more widely available to Parkinson's patients who are in search of a breakthrough—big or small—that results in increased mobility, a reduction in pain and tremors, a boost in mood and ultimately, an improved quality of life.\r\n\r\nPhoto credit: [OakleyOriginals](https://www.flickr.com/photos/oakleyoriginals/2889293273/in/photolist-5pjoeg-7Wjnoi-9EbBT5-gneLsS-gibCGt-nRZ6Wb-wxHZoQ-fdsLfy-d71jMu-xK6qWN-x5Qjbp-wxJ7aU-9uGxFt-4rJBm6-9zEc2g-fdsT91-feeASq-fdZkrF-fdsSWh-9wFEgg-nhQJWs-d71k9s-8F4wuv-8bYDNo-giT4SG-gnFjSm-9n7NLK-4CSUQM-4CSUQg-qy1tnC-4CXatN-qiHVTo-ny1hR4-dU8jri-c3GrK1-5pjnGa-qiJEpC-qy1tzG-9AB1Au-qA7ScM-fddxwg-fddw3T-fddsyB-9zEaLn-nSc1Tu-9zHfkw-9zEeyF-9zHdfS-9zH96j-9zH8hG)\r\n\r\nIf you’re new to cannabis and want to learn more, take a look at our [Cannabis 101](https://www.hellomd.com/health-wellness/56201c206430320006bb0000/cannabis-101-your-quick-guide-to-medical-marijuana) post. [HelloMD](https://www.hellomd.com/) can help you get your medical marijuana recommendation; it's easy, private and 100% online.","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"src":"/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/14b42/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.jpg","srcSet":"/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/f836f/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.jpg 200w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/2244e/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.jpg 400w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/14b42/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.jpg 800w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/47498/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.jpg 1200w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/54ac5/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.jpg 1365w","srcWebp":"/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/58556/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/61e93/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.webp 200w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/1f5c5/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.webp 400w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/58556/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.webp 800w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/99238/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.webp 1200w,\n/static/44fe4c330f9d1297a000cd60791d867e/5e0b8/de4c31fd2430dce4ac97ee0b6c91e795.webp 1365w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1953-markdown","title":"CBD Oil: Breaking the Stereotypes of Cannabis","slug":"cbd-oil-breaking-the-stereotypes-of-cannabis","content":"For patients looking for relief from a myriad of medical conditions, but\r\nwho do not want to experience some of the side effects caused by\r\nconsuming THC, CBD oil offers an appealing option helping with an array\r\nof conditions. CBD is one of more than sixty compounds in cannabis, but\r\nit offers a set of medical qualities that are unique.\r\n\r\nHistory of CBD Research\r\n-----------------------\r\n\r\nAnyone familiar with the complicated relationship between the United\r\nStates government and the cultivation, use, and sales of marijuana over\r\nthe years understands the legal hurdles involved in using the plant for\r\nrecreational and medicinal purposes. Regardless of these federal\r\nstrictures, twenty-three states and the District of Columbia have\r\nrecognized the medicinal advantages of the plant and have passed\r\nstatutes authorizing its use in the treatment of conditions ranging from\r\ncancer to psychosis disorders.\r\n\r\nFirst isolated by the scientific community in 1940, CBD was noted for\r\nits high concentration in the marijuana plant, but more than two decades\r\npassed before researchers fully identified the compound's medicinal\r\npotential.\r\n\r\nWhat distinguishes the use of CBD over THC for medicinal purposes,\r\nhowever, are the non-psychoactive properties of the CBD. Simply stated,\r\npatients treated with CBD oil do not experience the high associated with\r\nsmoking marijuana. Additionally, researchers noted that CBD, even when\r\nadministered in high doses, is \"well tolerated and safe.\"\r\n\r\nAccording to a 2011 study, presented in [Current Drug\r\nSafety](http://www.eurekaselect.com/75752/article), researchers found\r\nthat the component does not interfere with normal psychological and\r\nphysiological functions. The study, published by United Arab\r\nEmirate-based Bentham Science, details the findings of researchers at\r\nBrazil's University of Sao Paulo looking into the safety considerations\r\nof cannabidiol for use with patients.\r\n\r\nThese findings have the potential to transform the medical treatment of\r\npatients using marijuana.\r\n\r\nWhat Makes CBD Different from THC?\r\n----------------------------------\r\n\r\nThe properties of THC that are so attractive to the recreational\r\nmarijuana smoker, notably the propensity for delivering a high to the\r\nuser, is what gives healthcare professionals pause when prescribing the\r\ndrug to their patients. Simply stated, physicians prefer to limit the\r\nside effects of recommended treatments. Since CBD interacts with the\r\nbrain differently, these limitations are not evident in patients treated\r\nwith the new formulations. What differentiates CBD effects from those of\r\nTHC is the fact that the two compounds travel along different pathways\r\nin the body.\r\n\r\nSince CBD oil, the extract derived from the CBD compound found in\r\nmarijuana, does not elicit a psychoactive response, the patient benefits\r\nfrom those aspects of the drug that provides antiemetic, anticonvulsant,\r\nanti-oxidants, anti-tumoral properties that help ease and alleviate\r\nsymptoms ranging from cancer to bouts of anxiety. Indeed, owing to the\r\nfact that CBD usage does not influence the central nervous system,\r\nresearchers are encouraged that the compound might prove safe for both\r\nchildren and those suffering from mental illness.\r\n\r\nUses for CBD Oil in the Treatment of an Array of Conditions\r\n-----------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nWhile their is no suggestion that marijuana is a cure-all for the myriad\r\nof medical conditions that seemingly plague modern society, research\r\npoints to the fact that the properties of CBD can ameliorate the\r\nsymptoms of many diseases.\r\n\r\nFor instance, those suffering from nausea due to cancer treatment\r\nregimes, such as radiology and chemotherapy, benefit from the antiemetic\r\nproperties that fight nausea and vomiting. Its anti-oxidant properties\r\nhelps combat neurodegenerative disorders, while its anticonvulsant\r\naspects appear as a promising tool to suppress seizure activity.\r\n\r\nIn terms of addressing mental health issues, [CBD\r\noil](http://www.leafscience.com/2014/02/23/5-must-know-facts-cannabidiol-cbd/)\r\noffers antipsychotic and anti-depressive qualities that help ward\r\nagainst anxiety, insomnia, and depression in patients suffering from\r\nthose conditions. As with any treatment aimed at lessening symptoms, CBD\r\nprovides palliative relief without the side effects of harsh\r\npharmaceutical drugs. In addition, CBD can counteract overwhelming\r\nsensations caused by consuming too much THC.\r\n\r\nHow CBD Oil is Made and Who Benefits From It\r\n--------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nThe extract from the oils and resins that are naturally located on the\r\nbuds, stems, and leaves of a mature pot plant becomes available through\r\na chemical process that draws out resins various solutions. The\r\nresulting product is safe for human consumption, can be consumed in\r\nedibles, used as a sublingual agent, and used as a topical tincture for\r\nan array of symptoms and conditions.\r\n\r\nCBD oil can also be derived from Hemp rather than cannabis, which makes it legal to consume in all 50 states. It is widely claimed, however, that cannabis derived CBD provides much better results. \r\n\r\nThe proof is in the pudding when it comes to measuring success with the\r\nuse of CBD oil, and a medical case in Oregon appears to be providing\r\nthat proof. Those who have been following the use of CBD oil in the\r\ntreatment of epilepsy are heartened by the case of Oregonian [Forrest\r\nSmelser](http://www.medicaldaily.com/cannabis-oil-helped-stop-8-year-old-forrest-smelsers-seizures-when-other-drugs-311960).\r\nThe Eugene, Oregon native developed symptoms of epilepsy shortly after\r\nhis eighth birthday, and he was prescribed Trileptal, an anti-seizure\r\nmedication, which caused side effects that included anger and suicidal\r\nthoughts. After a failed suicide attempt, the young patient's parents\r\nbegan exploring medicinal marijuana options in the Beaver State, and in\r\nthe months since beginning his regimen, Forrest's epileptic symptoms\r\nhave abated and the debilitating side effects of the Trileptal have\r\ncompletely disappeared.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/sackton/7941527304/in/photolist-d6Lpoy-d1pdYj-bCTPy1-6o2cnx-ipJFc-8ccTJV-37PeZu-83pooq-2vAhTp-7Xf6ng-7Xf65z-5dMXSL-8ztJ5W-85pwUH-pdpBA8-oV9nTP-8GsZGy-ainbZ-dVnWU3-bvpN1s-6q5MDF-8kjqMq-8gXXKS-86Lh7H-8USgE6-31pnr1-cT8D2J-nzxvEj-7WHPki-bM8Nz-84VK74-mW4fmZ-82VYAq-83tid7-8ccWZ4-pdZXc9-3att9n-8dC93f-84YRVQ-pvqXg-82W2xS-wYiVGE-81mysE-h4tVT-7YKEJW-8KsW88-6Vwxb5-82SPQM-nkSBXC-8pG8La)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/14b42/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.jpg","srcSet":"/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/f836f/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.jpg 200w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/2244e/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.jpg 400w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/14b42/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.jpg 800w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/47498/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.jpg 1200w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/a6974/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.jpg 1536w","srcWebp":"/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/58556/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/61e93/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.webp 200w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/1f5c5/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.webp 400w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/58556/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.webp 800w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/99238/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.webp 1200w,\n/static/6e66ddb226f4f2fe87604c34bdc7e780/d5052/7b254e08363d887e5a04bab13e67decd.webp 1536w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1928-markdown","title":"Cannabinoids: Chemical Compounds with Huge Therapeutic Potential","slug":"cannabinoids-chemical-compounds-with-huge-therapeutic-potential","content":"The therapeutic properties of the cannabis plant have been known for\r\nmore than [5000\r\nyears](http://www.maps.org/research-archive/mmj/grinspoon_history_cannabis_medicine.pdf).\r\nHowever, it was not until\r\n[1896](http://thecompassionchronicles.com/2013/12/30/cannabinoids-illinois-adams-and-discovering-cannabidiol/)\r\nthat three researchers -- Wood, Spivey and Easterfield -- discovered\r\nthat cannabinoids, natural compounds unique to the plant, were behind\r\nthese effects. Working with the resin of Indian hemp in a laboratory in\r\nBoston, Massachusetts, they isolated and named the first cannabinoid\r\ncompound, known as cannabinol (CBN). Their discovery was one of many\r\nthat led to a paradigm shift in research into human health and disease.\r\n\r\nOne Discovery Leads to Another\r\n------------------------------\r\n\r\nIn 1940, more than four decades after the discovery of CBN, Roger Adams\r\nisolated and identified another cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), while\r\nworking with red oil extract made from Minnesota wild hemp at the\r\nUniversity of Illinois. After Adams's discovery, it was 24 years until\r\nthe next breakthrough in cannabinoid science.\r\n\r\nWorking at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Raphael Mechoulam identified\r\ndelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the substance responsible for much\r\nof the psychoactive, or mood-altering, effects of cannabis. Since the\r\ndiscovery of THC, there have been rapid advances in the isolation and\r\nidentification of cannabinoids. So far, [over\r\n85](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866040/) unique\r\ncannabinoids have been identified.\r\n\r\nFurther Breakthroughs in Cannabinoid Science\r\n--------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nAs researchers continued to learn more about cannabinoids, it appeared\r\nincreasingly likely that the effects of cannabinoids must be mediated by\r\na family of receptors. It was not until 1988 that the first of these\r\nreceptors, [cannabinoid receptor type\r\n1](http://www.drugscience.org/Petition/C3D.html) (CB1) was revealed by\r\n[Allyn Howlett](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2848184) and William\r\nDevane of St. Louis University Medical School, Missouri.\r\n\r\nSince then, CB1 receptors have been found in large numbers in several\r\nareas of the human brain, including the basal ganglia (affecting motor\r\nactivity), neocortex (thinking), hippocampus (short-term memory),\r\ncerebellum (motor coordination), periaqueductal gray (pain perception),\r\nand hypothalamus and limbic cortex (appetite and sedation).\r\n\r\nThese receptors are also found to a lesser extent in the dorsal horn of\r\nthe spinal cord (affecting pain perception) and on immune cells. A few\r\nyears after the discovery of CB1, a [second\r\nreceptor](http://www.gwpharm.com/Research%20History.aspx), cannabinoid\r\nreceptor type 2 (CB2), was identified by researchers [Munro, Thomas and\r\nAbu-Shaar](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7689702) from the MRC\r\nLaboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom. CB2\r\nreceptors are predominantly found in immune cells and tissues, with the\r\ngreatest density in the spleen. Activation of these receptors reduces\r\ninflammation, a precursor to many diseases.\r\n\r\nDiscovery of a New Molecular Signalling System\r\n----------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nThe discovery of cannabinoid receptors fueled speculation that the body\r\nmust produce compounds that bind to the receptors. The first such\r\ncompound, anandamide (AEA), was isolated by [Raphael\r\nMechoulam](http://www.sciencemag.org/content/258/5090/1946) and his team\r\nat Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1992.\r\n\r\nA couple of years later, a second compound, 2-arachidonoylglycerol\r\n(2-AG), was discovered and in the following decade several other\r\ncompounds capable of activating the cannabinoid receptors were\r\nidentified. These compounds, together with the receptors, make up the\r\nendocannabinoid system.\r\n\r\nManipulation of the Endocannabinoid System\r\n------------------------------------------\r\n\r\n[Research](http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1361971-overview# a4)\r\nindicated that the [endocannabinoid\r\nsystem](http://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system)\r\nmediates a number of physiological functions vital for survival. More\r\nimportantly, it suggested that modulating the activity of the\r\nendocannabinoid system using cannabinoids may be the key to treating a\r\nbroad range of diseases and symptoms.\r\n\r\nCurrently, THC and CBD are the two main cannabinoids of medical\r\ninterest.\r\n[THC](http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-medicine)\r\nhas been found to increase appetite and reduce nausea, and may help\r\ndecrease pain, inflammation, and muscle control problems. CBD may be\r\nuseful in controlling epileptic seizures, reducing pain and\r\ninflammation, and quelling mental illnesses and addictions.\r\n\r\nResearchers Hone Synthetic Cannabinoids\r\n---------------------------------------\r\n\r\nContinued research into the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids led to\r\nthe creation of synthetic cannabinoids -- chemicals created to mimic the\r\neffects of natural cannabinoids. Two THC-based medications,\r\n[dronabinol](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607054.html)\r\n(Marinol) and\r\n[nabilone](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607048.html)\r\n(Cesamet), showed clinical benefit and were subsequently approved by the\r\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention or treatment\r\nof chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Other cannabis-based\r\nmedications are currently in development.\r\n\r\nCombined Approach Offers Greater Hope\r\n-------------------------------------\r\n\r\nResearch has yet to reveal the exact mechanisms by which all of the\r\ncannabinoids in the cannabis family of plants exert their therapeutic\r\neffects, but evidence suggests that these compounds work better together\r\nthan alone: a discovery termed the entourage effect. Support for this\r\neffect derives from comparisons of the effect of the whole cannabis\r\nplant with that of the drug Marinol. When Marinol became available as a\r\nmedicine in the mid-1980s, researchers believed that it would have the\r\nsame effect as the entire cannabis plant. However,\r\n[patients](http://www.coloradonorml.org/information/marijuana/medical/marinol-vs-natural-plant)\r\nprescribed Marinol frequently reported greater psychoactive effects --\r\ncaused, in part, by the lack of CBD, which is believed to modulate the\r\npsychoactivity of the THC.\r\n\r\nAdvocates Call For Overhaul of Marijuana Laws\r\n---------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nThe ability of cannabinoids to work together to treat a variety of\r\nailments while causing minimal adverse side effects has led to calls for\r\nmedical marijuana --the use of the cannabis plant or its basic extracts\r\nfor medical purposes -- to be legalized. [Twenty-three\r\nstates](https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/state-laws-related-to-marijuana)\r\nand Washington, DC, have already passed laws allowing marijuana to be\r\nused for a variety of medical conditions. However, many people are still\r\nunable to obtain, possess or cultivate marijuana for their own medicinal\r\nuse without breaking the law.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/34402227@N03/4968163345)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.2345679012345678,"src":"/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/bd8e6/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.jpg","srcSet":"/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/f836f/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.jpg 200w,\n/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/2244e/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.jpg 400w,\n/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/bd8e6/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.jpg 487w","srcWebp":"/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/10051/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/61e93/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.webp 200w,\n/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/1f5c5/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.webp 400w,\n/static/433d8eeddf29b114224c689e0e82c545/10051/6162c38246fa78235422389aca895d30.webp 487w","sizes":"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1916-markdown","title":"Study Finds No Link between Teen Cannabis Use and Physical and Mental Health Issues","slug":"study-finds-no-link-between-teen-cannabis-use-and-physical-and-mental-health-issues","content":"Marijuana is one of the most widely used drugs in the United States, and\r\nmany studies have linked chronic use during adolescence to physical and\r\nmental health issues in later life. However, a new\r\n[study](http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/adb-adb0000103.pdf)\r\nhas challenged these findings and suggests that chronic marijuana use by\r\nadolescents is not associated with an increased risk of adverse\r\nlong-term health effects.\r\n\r\nResearch Sheds New Light on Marijuana's Long-Term Effects\r\n---------------------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nResearchers from Rutgers University and the University of Pittsburgh\r\nMedical Center tracked more than 400 males from adolescence into the\r\nmid-30s to review the effects of marijuana over more than two decades.\r\nPublished in the American Psychological Association's journal\r\n\"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors\" in August 2015, the study obtained\r\ndata from the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a long-range project that began in\r\nthe late 1980s as a means to analyze the development of physical, mental\r\nand social problems amongst male public school students.\r\n\r\nThe researchers placed the men into four groups based on self-reported\r\nmarijuana use: low or no marijuana use (46 percent), marijuana use\r\nlimited to adolescence (11 percent), marijuana use commencing in late\r\nadolescence and continuing through adulthood (21 percent) and\r\nearly-onset chronic marijuana use (22 percent). Early-onset chronic\r\nusers reported higher marijuana use, which rapidly increased during\r\nadolescence and peaked at the age of 22, when marijuana was used for\r\nmore than 200 days per year, on average. The men were surveyed every six\r\nmonths for the first 2.5 years and then annually for 10 years until the\r\nage of 26. A follow-up survey was conducted in 2009-2010 when the men\r\nwere 36 years old.\r\n\r\nMarijuana Not a Significant Risk Factor\r\n---------------------------------------\r\n\r\nThe researchers expected to find a link between adolescent marijuana use\r\nand health issues, such as psychotic symptoms, depression, cancer,\r\nasthma or respiratory problems in later life. However, the study\r\nrevealed no significant differences in any of the four groups in terms\r\nof the prevalence of mental or physical health issues in the mid-30s,\r\nirrespective of the amount or frequency of cannabis used. It also\r\nrevealed no differences based on race or ethnicity.\r\n\r\nThe findings suggest that marijuana is more beneficial than harmful and\r\nhelp to discredit claims that marijuana is bad for teens. They lend\r\nweight to the argument that marijuana should be removed from [Schedule I\r\nof the Controlled Substances Act](http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml),\r\na category reserved for the most dangerous drugs. Marijuana's\r\nclassification as a Schedule I drug has been hotly debated for decades,\r\nwith medical marijuana advocates pointing to the growing body of\r\nevidence demonstrating marijuana's efficacy as a treatment for a variety\r\nof health complaints.\r\n\r\nGiven that each day more than [3,000\r\nteenagers](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297780.php) in the\r\nUnited States use marijuana for the first time, a clear understanding of\r\nthe long-term effects of marijuana must be established as more states\r\nconsider moving towards permissiveness. While critics remain concerned\r\nthat the legalization of medical marijuana will lead to a rise in\r\nmarijuana use, especially among teenagers,\r\n[research](http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366%2815%2900217-5/abstract)\r\ncarried out by Columbia University Medical Center in New York and\r\npublished in the journal \"The Lancet\" in June 2015 revealed a decrease\r\nin teen marijuana use in states that have legalized medical marijuana.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/78122965@N05/7361636130)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/2wBDABALDA4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVGC8aGi9jQjhCY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2P/wgARCAANABQDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAFwAAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIDBP/EABUBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB/9oADAMBAAIQAxAAAAFkz1WxkE//xAAaEAACAwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgMREgAh/9oACAEBAAEFAjMbD+mVb3bFdcVyf//EABURAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAR/9oACAEDAQE/Aaf/xAAWEQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEQH/2gAIAQIBAT8BiY//xAAdEAACAQQDAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATECERJBISKS/9oACAEBAAY/AqrI7zqxFXkfCFpvZinB/8QAHBAAAgICAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAREAITGBQVHB/9oACAEBAAE/IQ7QDA9iWZwCHLUDQaIZmw9QYEKTi2Cpc//aAAwDAQACAAMAAAAQGB//xAAXEQADAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAREh/9oACAEDAQE/EFLwrP/EABYRAAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEQIf/aAAgBAgEBPxCQr//EAB0QAQEAAgIDAQAAAAAAAAAAAAERACExQWFxgeH/2gAIAQEAAT8QkTadhDfliNfFChdHw42TjFRF94aRHIcGc/mDwMoFll16fmEnbiGvN8c5/9k=","aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/14b42/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.jpg","srcSet":"/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/f836f/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.jpg 200w,\n/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/2244e/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.jpg 400w,\n/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/14b42/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.jpg 800w,\n/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/7cd0e/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.jpg 922w","srcWebp":"/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/58556/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/61e93/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.webp 200w,\n/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/1f5c5/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.webp 400w,\n/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/58556/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.webp 800w,\n/static/c6f806226fab58a9385916748a50d7cd/88b19/4a46dfdb1b096b8a459968ed65493f7f.webp 922w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1872-markdown","title":"Clinical Study Shows Medical Marijuana is Promising For Diabetic Neuropathy","slug":"clinical-study-shows-medical-marijuana-is-promising-for-diabetic-neuropathy","content":"Diabetic neuropathy, a sometimes debilitating condition related to nerve\r\ndegeneration, may affect between [60 and 70\r\npercent](http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/diabetic_neuropathy/prevalence.htm)\r\nof all patients who have been diagnosed with either type I or type II\r\ndiabetes. Neuropathy can occur in different patterns throughout the\r\nbody. The most common areas plagued by the often-painful tingling of\r\nneuropathy are the head, torso, legs, feet, arms and hands.\r\n\r\nRelief from that tingling that can occur throughout the body often\r\neludes patients, leading to everyday lives filled with pain and the\r\ninability to participate in previously enjoyed activities. Findings in a\r\n2009 study, however, may offer hope where other treatments have failed.\r\n\r\nStudying Neuropathic Impact and Relief\r\n--------------------------------------\r\n\r\nA [groundbreaking 2009 clinical\r\nstudy](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066045/) was\r\nconducted at the General Clinical Research Center at the University of\r\nCalifornia, San Diego Medical Center to test the effect of medical\r\ncannabis on neuropathic pain suffered by HIV patients. Although a\r\ndifferent disease, the impact of neuropathy among the HIV patient\r\npopulation is just as painful, persistent and difficult to treat with\r\ntraditional opioid, NSAID or analgesic medications as neuropathy\r\nassociate with diabetes.\r\n\r\nRegulating the Impact of Painful Stimulus\r\n-----------------------------------------\r\n\r\nThe premise for the study, developed around animal-based studies,\r\nindicated a positive analgesic effect on the spinal cord in regulating\r\nhow pain centers throughout the body were sent painful signals. The\r\nfirst human study was a double-blind trial, which means that neither the\r\npatients or researchers knew who received active cannabis-based\r\nmedication, and who received placebos. Twenty-eight individuals\r\ncompleted all five phases of the trial, which included:\r\n\r\n-   An introductory week, where baseline pain measurements were\r\n    collected,\r\n-   Five days of medication usage, either active or placebo,\r\n-   Two weeks of monitoring for impact and side effects,\r\n-   Five more days of medication,\r\n-   And two final weeks of monitoring.\r\n\r\nResults after the seven-week study showed far greater pain relief was\r\nrealized by the participants who were given medical marijuana versus the\r\nplacebo. When used in addition to already-prescribed regimens of\r\ntraditional pain medications, study participants achieved up to 30\r\npercent greater pain relief--a significant change.\r\n\r\nRelief Without Reaction\r\n-----------------------\r\n\r\nComing in a close second to the drastic pain relief experienced by study\r\nparticipants was a secondary benefit of limited adverse interactions or\r\nreactions. Only two of the 28 study participants experienced undesired\r\nside effects, none of which proved to be long-lasting or\r\nlife-threatening. One subject developed short-term psychosis while\r\nanother suffered a smoking-related cough, both of which cleared after\r\ndiscontinuation of cannabis usage. Overall mood and the ability to\r\nperform normal daily functions improved in all study participants.\r\n\r\nHope for Diabetic Neuropathy\r\n----------------------------\r\n\r\nThe same improvement realized by participants in the HIV-related\r\nneuropathic pain study can occur in sufferers of diabetic neuropathy.\r\nMedical cannabis doctors can follow the marijuana dosing and timing\r\nguidelines developed from this study to be of maximum benefit in staving\r\noff the painful sensations of neuropathy. From study findings, medical\r\nmarijuana between 1% and 8% THC potency can be used, dependent upon\r\noriginal baseline pain determination, and smoked up to four times daily.\r\nWhen combined with continued analgesic use, long-time pain sufferers can\r\nfind much greater pain relief than ever before.","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.492537313432836,"src":"/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/14b42/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.jpg","srcSet":"/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/f836f/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.jpg 200w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/2244e/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.jpg 400w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/14b42/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.jpg 800w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/47498/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.jpg 1200w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/e962a/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.jpg 1530w","srcWebp":"/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/58556/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/61e93/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.webp 200w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/1f5c5/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.webp 400w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/58556/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.webp 800w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/99238/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.webp 1200w,\n/static/41277ea7720942a347234f0045e8cc3e/09af0/21f6e029a26c6c95d534c636dba218c9.webp 1530w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1859-markdown","title":"The Next Step for Nausea Treatment: Medical Marijuana","slug":"the-next-step-for-nausea-treatment-medical-marijuana","content":"Treating nausea is one of the oldest uses of medical marijuana, with\r\nover 50 studies from around the world supporting its efficacy.\r\n\r\nFor most people, the word \"nausea\" is associated with mild\r\nunpleasantness. But for those undergoing chemotherapy, treatment for\r\nHIV/AIDS, or a handful of other chronic illnesses, nausea can be an\r\nextremely serious problem. Chronic nausea and vomiting can lead to\r\ndehydration, weight loss, malnutrition, and other conditions that\r\ncomplicate the initial illness and inhibit recovery.\r\n\r\nUsed to Combat Chemotherapy Side Effects Since the 1970s\r\n----------------------------------------------------------\r\nResearchers have known since the 1970s that marijuana relieves nausea\r\nand vomiting associated with chemotherapy treatment. In more recent\r\nyears, it has been used in conjunction with AIDs treatment to reduce\r\nnausea and improve appetite. A survey published in the *Journal of\r\nClinical Oncology* reported that of physicians polled, 77% felt that\r\nmedical marijuana was more effective than conventional medications, and\r\nmore than 44% had recommended medical marijuana to their patients.\r\n\r\nIt is speculated that cannabis' anti-nausea effect may be due to its\r\nability to block receptors [in the 5-HT or\r\nserotonin](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121618) family. While\r\nthese receptors are also targeted by traditional anti-emetics, the\r\n[effects of cannabis on the\r\nendocannabinoid](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24184696) and\r\ncentral nervous systems may make it more effective than standard\r\nmedication.\r\n\r\nAlthough there are various anti-nausea drugs currently in use, most have\r\npotential side effects ranging from the small nuisances to the\r\nlife-threatening complications. Medical marijuana treats nausea without\r\nthe risk of major side effects. While conventional drugs may cause side\r\neffects ranging from constipation and headaches to fainting and chest\r\npain, cannabis generally has no side effects beyond improved appetite.\r\nThe most serious side effect recorded is cannabis hyperemesis syndrome,\r\nor cannabis-induced vomiting, which occurs extremely rarely and only in\r\nvery long-term heavy users. For those using cannabis medicinally, this\r\nis not a serious concern.\r\n\r\nFDA-Approved Cannabis Derivatives\r\n------------------------------------------\r\nThere are currently two cannabis-derived drugs FDA-approved for the\r\ntreatment of nausea and vomiting. Dronabinol (under the brand name\r\nMarinol) and Nabilone. Both are synthetic versions of THC, the active\r\ningredient in marijuana.\r\n\r\nInhaled or Ingested Cannabis for Nausea?\r\n---------------------------------------------\r\nWhile these medications have proven to be effective, inhaled marijuana\r\nmay be a better option for some patients. A comprehensive 1999 [report\r\nby the Institutes of\r\nMedicine](http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6376) found that\r\npatients suffering nausea and vomiting had a difficult time swallowing\r\nor keeping pills down and recommended an inhalation delivery system for\r\nchemotherapy-based nausea.\r\n\r\nMedical marijuana is well-documented as an effective treatment for\r\nnausea, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy and HIV/AIDS\r\ntreatment. While synthetic cannabis derivatives may be a viable option\r\nfor those in areas without approved medical marijuana, the inhaled\r\nproduct is preferable where available.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/16210667@N02/9048589970/in/photolist-eMAoxU-5TrAfM-eMAnWy-hRLTUV-5Y2kgF-7G4dQZ-81cB8C-oDJSem-4diX2R-3hq9qa-5xnJNy-8mbr5L-5mURSz-97VgKb-deZQnn-5dGY4D-bjFkmR-4NhUyV-acrQzS-8eSowW-5GRxjd-9Gn8DP-mH5n9c-bttckZ-9LpQnC-9m1rw7-7EG1Ts-5TvVnm-5Y2kg6-82m3bB-fuRCAg-5WAjm-9qWp9P-8kxZDD-8rDiTJ-uWUsn5-doLdQm-3DkN26-n3cb8-4Tapdw-4EX4D7-5cA5pD-5TrAkt-79ykph-5UGoNJ-8hNVfL-q7FwgX-4rUp4U-ccYgUs-rhxX59)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/2wBDABALDA4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVGC8aGi9jQjhCY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2NjY2P/wgARCAAOABQDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAGAAAAgMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQCAwX/xAAUAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/9oADAMBAAIQAxAAAAFeaDxWZ4f/xAAcEAABAwUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAIDBBATIjL/2gAIAQEAAQUCaIxY4yqfsKQ7/wD/xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ/9oACAEDAQE/AT//xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQ/9oACAECAQE/AT//xAAcEAACAQUBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARECEDEyYYH/2gAIAQEABj8Cily+Gpleq7P/xAAcEAADAAIDAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAREhUUFhgdH/2gAIAQEAAT8h8232WpKn1gZ1anrIhpI0d2W4pg//2gAMAwEAAgADAAAAEDPP/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEP/aAAgBAwEBPxA//8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEP/aAAgBAgEBPxA//8QAHBABAAICAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQARIUExYfBR/9oACAEBAAE/ELG3uMiv1WAgkk2lDTtczW2FB0MvaC1Zfu4onm1rvzFq8nDdbn//2Q==","aspectRatio":1.4184397163120568,"src":"/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/14b42/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.jpg","srcSet":"/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/f836f/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.jpg 200w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/2244e/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.jpg 400w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/14b42/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.jpg 800w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/47498/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.jpg 1200w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/aee6f/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.jpg 1452w","srcWebp":"/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/58556/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/61e93/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.webp 200w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/1f5c5/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.webp 400w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/58556/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.webp 800w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/99238/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.webp 1200w,\n/static/9eeda48de03043bfe3bedb1736bd7c45/1d8f8/7665cca59be3a4b812728995f22d131e.webp 1452w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1858-markdown","title":"Marijuana Shows Promise As a Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea","slug":"marijuana-shows-promise-as-a-treatment-for-chemotherapy-induced-nausea","content":"[Nausea](http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/physicalsideeffects/nauseaandvomiting/nauseaandvomiting/nausea-and-vomiting-causes)\r\nis a common side effect of cancer and its treatments, affecting up to 70\r\npercent of patients getting treated for the disease. Many different\r\ntypes of medications can help to prevent or control nausea in these\r\npatients. However, two undesirable effects often occur when they're\r\nused: side effects -- such as headaches, tiredness and constipation --\r\nand resistance to treatment, where efforts to control nausea fail. Thus,\r\nthere's a need for new treatments that relieve nausea with as few side\r\neffects as possible.\r\n\r\nMedical Marijuana Offers Hope\r\n-----------------------------\r\n\r\nMarijuana, also known as cannabis, may bring hope to patients who suffer\r\nnausea during chemotherapy. A native of Central Asia, this plant has [a\r\nlong history of\r\nuse](http://www.maps.org/research-archive/mmj/grinspoon_history_cannabis_medicine.pdf)\r\nas a nausea treatment. However, the\r\n[mechanism](https://www.wsma.org/doc_library/LegalResourceCenter/MedicalCannabis/Med%20Mar%20-%20Pharmacologic%20and%20Clinical%20Effects.pdf)\r\nby which it exerts its effects had, until recently, remained a mystery.\r\nResearch carried out in the 1960s revealed that marijuana contains\r\nchemical compounds called cannabinoids, which are responsible for its\r\nphysical and psychological effects. Of these cannabinoids, the most\r\nimportant are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) and cannabidiol\r\n(CBD).\r\n\r\nScientists Hone Synthetic Drugs\r\n-------------------------------\r\n\r\nWith the discovery of cannabinoids, scientists were able to create\r\nsynthetic cannabinoids -- chemicals made to mimic the effects of the\r\nnatural cannabinoids found in the marijuana plant. Two synthetic\r\ncannabinoids,\r\n[dronabinol](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607054.html)\r\nand\r\n[nabilone](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607048.html),\r\nwere later approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for\r\nchemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. These drugs are usually\r\nprescribed to patients who have tried other anti-nausea medications\r\nwithout success, and are taken by via oral capsule several times a day\r\nduring a chemotherapy cycle.\r\n\r\nStudies Reveal Benefits of Medical Marijuana\r\n--------------------------------------------\r\n\r\nDespite the FDA's approval of dronabinol and nabilone as treatment for\r\nchemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, research into the benefits\r\nthat the actual marijuana plant can confer is progressing.\r\n[Research](http://www.aahs.org/medstaff/wp-content/uploads/CannabinoidsNEJM201506.pdf)\r\ncommissioned by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, and published\r\nin the *Journal of the American Medical Association* in June 2015,\r\nsupports using cannabinoids as a treatment for nausea from chemotherapy.\r\nResearchers analyzed data from 28 studies, and found that patients using\r\ncannabinoids were more likely to report reductions in nausea and\r\nvomiting than those given a placebo. Science is yet to show the exact\r\nmechanism for all the cannabinoids found in the marijuana plant, but\r\nevidence suggests that cannabinoids work better together than in\r\nisolation: a discovery that has been termed the [entourage\r\neffect](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x/pdf).\r\n\r\nResearchers Push Boundaries\r\n---------------------------\r\n\r\nThere's a growing interest among researchers in treating children with\r\nnausea and other cancer symptoms with medical marijuana, although the\r\nstudies are limited. In a\r\n[paper](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7776837) titled, \"An\r\nEfficient New Cannabinoid Antiemetic in Pediatric Oncology,\" and\r\npublished in the journal *Life Sciences* in 1995, researchers in\r\nJerusalem, Israel, revealed that delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol\r\n(delta-8-THC), a cannabinoid with fewer mood-altering effects than the\r\nmain marijuana cannabinoid, delta-9-THC, successfully treated\r\nchemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children with negligible\r\nside effects. The study involved eight children aged 3 to 13 who had\r\nvarious blood cancers and had been treated with different anticancer\r\ndrugs for up to eight months. Each of the children were given\r\ndelta-8-THC two hours before chemotherapy and every six hours afterward\r\nfor 24 hours.\r\n\r\nSupport Grows for Medical Marijuana\r\n-----------------------------------\r\n\r\nNausea affects a significant number of cancer patients, and standard\r\ntreatments often fall short of patients' needs. Medical marijuana is\r\npotentially more effective than existing treatments and may have fewer\r\nside effects.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/10770768@N08/16673157868)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"src":"/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/14b42/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.jpg","srcSet":"/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/f836f/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.jpg 200w,\n/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/2244e/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.jpg 400w,\n/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/14b42/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.jpg 800w,\n/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/16310/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.jpg 1024w","srcWebp":"/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/58556/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/61e93/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.webp 200w,\n/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/1f5c5/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.webp 400w,\n/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/58556/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.webp 800w,\n/static/694a4e6f6349a18b5bd156c1f8b4023d/cc834/2ed3ab90bdd9e03b3e7bb1835c46c665.webp 1024w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1868-markdown","title":"Recovery from Trauma: The Role of Medical Marijuana in PTSD Treatment","slug":"recovery-from-trauma-the-role-of-medical-marijuana-in-ptsd-treatment","content":"Can medical marijuana really help ease the symptoms of Post-traumatic\r\nStress Disorder (PTSD)? [New neurological\r\nresearch](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433741) suggests that it\r\ncan. A clinical study published in the journal\r\n*Psychoneuroendocrinology* presented evidence that patients with changes\r\nin their brain chemistry caused by PTSD have responded positively to\r\ntreatments with cannabis.\r\n\r\nConducted by researchers at the University of Haifa in Israel, this\r\nstudy suggests that medical marijuana can have beneficial effects on\r\nboth mental and physical reactions to trauma due to the presence of\r\ncannabinoids. Two areas of the brain, the cannabinoid and glucocorticoid\r\nsystems, are essential in resolving damage to the brain due to emotional\r\ntrauma.\r\n\r\nThe National Institute of Mental Health [defines\r\nPTSD](http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml)\r\nas a condition that \"develops after a terrifying ordeal that involved\r\nphysical harm or the threat of physical harm.\" Although it may originate\r\nfrom a terrifying event, it can also stem from the frightening\r\nexperiences of loved ones or even strangers.\r\n\r\nMedia coverage of PTSD in the wake of several extended US wars around\r\nthe globe has increased public awareness of the condition. The US\r\nDepartment of Veteran Affairs estimates that around eight percent of the\r\nUS population [will experience\r\nPTSD](http://www.ptsd.va.gov/PTSD/public/PTSD-overview/basics/how-common-is-ptsd.asp)\r\nat some point during their lives. That risk factor is slightly higher\r\nfor women (10 percent) and slightly lower for men (4 percent).\r\n\r\nThe three main symptoms of the disorder are:\r\n\r\n-   Re-experiencing the traumatic event through nightmares or\r\n    flashbacks\r\n-   Avoidance of all things that relate to the incident or social\r\n    contact all together\r\n-   An overly developed startle response (hyperarousal) accompanied by\r\n    insomnia or sudden outbursts of rage.\r\n\r\nIt's important to recognize that people of all ages can suffer from\r\nPTSD. Those with a higher risk factor includes war veterans, victims of\r\nphysical and sexual assault, those who have been mentally or physically\r\nabused, survivors of natural disasters, first responders, and anyone\r\ninvolved in a life-threatening event.\r\n\r\nPTSD is often treated with pharmaceutical anti-depressants and\r\nanti-anxiety medications like Prazosin, an anti-hypertensive drug that\r\neases insomnia and nightmares. However, these have been shown to have\r\n[severe side\r\neffects](http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/04/prazosin-for-post-traumatic-stress-disorder/index.htm),\r\nincluding nausea, low blood pressure and headaches.\r\n\r\nMedical marijuana, rather than traditional medication, is seen as a\r\nsafer route for delivering cannabinoids to the troubled areas of the\r\nbrain for those who suffer from PTSD. Medical [research from Tufts\r\nUniversity](http://ase.tufts.edu/psychology/shinlab/documents/pubsShinAmygdala.pdf)\r\nfound that trauma to the region of the brain called the amygdala is\r\nprimary responsible for the symptoms of PTSD. In another recent study\r\nfrom the University of Michigan, researchers found that [cannabinoids\r\ncan help repair](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829364) abnormally\r\nfunctioning brain systems, as well as inhibit inappropriate responses\r\nlike anxiety disorders, PTSD, panic attacks and phobias.\r\n\r\nThe research on cannabis as a powerful tool to help those suffering from\r\ntrauma is an example of modern medical science that supports the ancient\r\npractices of traditional healers all over the world. For centuries,\r\nmarijuana has been prescribed to help people recover after traumatic\r\nevents.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/36645092@N02/8260508217)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"src":"/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/14b42/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.jpg","srcSet":"/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/f836f/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.jpg 200w,\n/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/2244e/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.jpg 400w,\n/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/14b42/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.jpg 800w,\n/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/16310/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.jpg 1024w","srcWebp":"/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/58556/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/61e93/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.webp 200w,\n/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/1f5c5/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.webp 400w,\n/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/58556/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.webp 800w,\n/static/2ff6062be5bba7a5c94469affd2deb5a/cc834/d527ea94501eda201a0e1382bfbef4b7.webp 1024w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1870-markdown","title":"Relief from Fibromyalgia Symptoms: the Case for Medical Marijuana","slug":"relief-from-fibromyalgia-symptoms-the-case-for-medical-marijuana","content":"A new medical research study from Spain indicates that medical marijuana\r\nmay be effective in helping to ease the symptoms of fibromyalgia,\r\nparticularly in reducing overall pain, alleviating stiffness, enhancing\r\nrelaxation, improving rest and fostering a sense of well being. That's\r\none of the conclusions from a report published in the Public Library of\r\nScience, \"[Cannabis use in patients with\r\nfibromyalgia](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21533029): effect on\r\nsymptoms are relief and health-related quality of life.\"\r\n\r\nAlthough fibromyalgia has been studied for over a century, the journal\r\n[Current Pain and Headache\r\nReports](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361321) states that in the\r\npast this disease was conflated with rheumatism. The public has really\r\nonly begun to appreciate the scope and public health costs of\r\nfibromyalgia over the past 20 years. With over 12 million sufferers,\r\nfibromyalgia is now considered the second most common musculoskeletal\r\ncondition in the US after arthritis. Women are at particular risk, being\r\n10x more likely than men to suffer from fibromyalgia.\r\n\r\nThe most common symptoms of fibromyalgia are diffused as well as\r\npinpoint muscle and joint pain. Patients also commonly suffer from\r\nanxiety, difficulty sleeping, incapacitating fatigue, chronic headaches,\r\nrestless leg syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, depression and a very\r\nlow pain threshold.\r\n\r\nFibromyalgia has proven very difficult to treat - according to a study\r\nfrom the Tufts University School of Medicine, [only 35% of\r\npatients](http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-fibromyalgia-in-adults-not-responsive-to-initial-therapies)\r\nare able to obtain relief with traditional medication. Additionally,\r\ntraditional medications like Lyrica, Symbalta and Savella often have\r\nserious side effects. This is a significant concern, as many patients\r\nwith fibromyalgia are also prescribed anti-depressants.\r\n\r\nIn support of the Spanish research, a [National Pain Foundation\r\nstudy](http://nationalpainreport.com/marijuana-rated-most-effective-for-treating-fibromyalgia-8823638.html)\r\nof more than 1,300 fibromyalgia patients reported that 62 percent of\r\npatients taking medical marijuana found cannabis to be effective in\r\nrelieving their symptoms. The endocannabinoid system in these patients\r\ndoes not provide enough of a feedback loop to decrease or stop pain\r\nsignals. Perhaps a result of increased sensitivity, a defect in\r\nneurotransmitter release or the blockage of pathways that the body\r\nemploys to inhibit pain signals is highly problematic. It is\r\nhypothesized that the cannabinoids in medical marijuana can \"reset\" or\r\nblock this to decrease the symptoms. Oral tablets tend to be the\r\npreferred delivery method for patients looking to achieve timed release\r\nfor longer lasting effects, while inhalation of cannabis smoke tends to\r\nprovide more rapid pain relief because the medicine enters the blood\r\nstream more directly.\r\n\r\nThe use of cannabinoids for pain relief and reducing stiffness represent\r\nareas of research where modern science agrees with the ancient healing\r\npractice. For fibromyalgia sufferers, marijuana can provide pain relief\r\nwithout the negative side effects of commercial pharmaceuticals.\r\n\r\n[Photo Credit.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/mislav-marohnic/5233928419/in/photolist-8Yvfza-5vZUca-4uLvdu-73Kiyy-8Ga7wH-7Y1isf-4emb3T-2zEhNw-8svFP7-a6Bhnx-aLLHbk-8fs4o8-7UDvCS-mDPKmX-9muCe5-4cSVvk-9BwjCn-7EnYCE-7Ej7ZR-eoa7Wu-7EnVs7-bLfiog-nWQU8j-cHn3Co-rUnSdZ-azRCM-j3rjy-uB1Sy9-ab78S1-WMXcV-5fU7SU-3CKKdA-7Ej5Qc-7Ej5xn-sKAw4B-atvP6c-8zaRfX-3j9jQK-drHutt-2mrLzB-9zZAAM-eMAo8u-DuHFr-beAksK-9DScPh-9sSm6Y-pbFyns-4BGhHi-6N85SL-2o5NQ5)","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/14b42/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.jpg","srcSet":"/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/f836f/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.jpg 200w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/2244e/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.jpg 400w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/14b42/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.jpg 800w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/47498/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.jpg 1200w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/a6974/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.jpg 1536w","srcWebp":"/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/58556/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/61e93/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.webp 200w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/1f5c5/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.webp 400w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/58556/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.webp 800w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/99238/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.webp 1200w,\n/static/b1717da6e3959652534f018eaaaca94b/d5052/277e8be1309985c922ad5341e2df2530.webp 1536w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}},{"node":{"id":"Article_1884-markdown","title":"No Longer Sleepless in Seattle: Medical Marijuana Eases Insomnia","slug":"no-longer-sleepless-in-seattle-medical-marijuana-eases-insomnia","content":"Insomnia, the inability to fall or stay asleep, affects approximately\r\n[30% of adults in the\r\nU.S](http://www.aasmnet.org/resources/factsheets/insomnia.pdf).\r\nNinety-five percent of insomnia sufferers take a pharmacologic sleep\r\naid, such as hypnotics and antidepressants, which can produce various\r\nside effects, from dizziness to irregular heartbeats, addiction and\r\npotential overdose.\r\n\r\nAs an alternative, medical marijuana eases the symptoms of insomnia\r\nthrough its compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC acts on the\r\ncentral nervous system, and at the right dosage, it produces a [sedating\r\neffect](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118485). Cannabidiol (CBD),\r\nanother major component, triggers [vascular or smooth muscle\r\nrelaxation](http://www.nhs.uk/medicine-guides/pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?condition=Muscle%20spasm&medicine=Cannabidiol/Dronabinol)\r\nand [reduces\r\nanxiety](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079847/) at the\r\nsame time.\r\n\r\nCannabis has also demonstrated promising results in sleep apnea, one of\r\nthe common causes of sleep disturbance. Sleep apnea, a disorder\r\ncharacterized by repeated pauses in breathing or shallow breaths during\r\nsleep, is often due to a collapsed airway. Classified as obstructive\r\nsleep apnea (OSA), it leads to an insufficient supply of oxygen to the\r\nbrain. A 2013\r\n[study](http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00001/full)\r\nconducted by the University of Illinois in Chicago found that\r\ndronabinol, the synthetic form of cannabinoid, significantly reduced\r\nApnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) by 32% in adults with moderate to severe OSA.\r\nAHI refers to the number of apnea episodes per hour, with 15 to 30\r\nepisodes considered moderate, and more than 30 as severe. The 17\r\nsubjects, aged 21 to 65, exhibited no serious adverse effects throughout\r\nthe dose escalation intervention that lasted 21 days.\r\n\r\n[Dronabinol](http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq)\r\nis FDA-approved for the treatment of chemotherapy side effects, such as\r\nnausea and vomiting. Its muscle-toning action on the upper airway is\r\nsimilar to that induced by the Continuous Positive Airway Pressure\r\n(CPAP) machine used in the treatment of OSA. Dronabinol is a viable\r\noption for patients who cannot tolerate long-term usage of the mask. The\r\n[PACE](http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cnshr/clin-trials-res.html# pace2)\r\nClinical Trial, a larger study funded by the National Institutes of\r\nHealth, is also underway to determine dronabinol's efficacy and safety\r\nin OSA, and the biomechanisms involved.\r\n\r\nInsomnia and other sleep disorders are prevalent in cases of\r\n[fibromyalgia](http://www.rheumatology.org/assets/0/116/401/408/419/420/8da30b14-8bbd-48d9-85b1-366550c86d2a.pdf),\r\na syndrome that presents chronic muscle and soft tissue pain,\r\ntenderness, and fatigue, affecting 5 million adults in America. A\r\nrandomized, controlled\r\n[trial](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007734) demonstrated that\r\nnabilone, another FDA-approved cannabinoid for cancer-related nausea, is\r\neffective in enhancing sleep in patients with fibromyalgia. As\r\nresearchers at McGill University Health Centre in Canada noted, although\r\nnabilone and the antidepressant amitriptyline improved sleep, nabilone\r\nhad a greater effect on the Insomnia Severity Index. Since it was well\r\ntolerated by the 32 subjects, the authors recommended that low-dose\r\nnabilone be considered as a treatment alternative.\r\n\r\nBetween 54% to 63% of Americans who experience chronic and acute pain\r\nreport experiencing sleep disturbances, the National Sleep Foundation\r\nrevealed in the [2015 Sleep in America\r\nPoll](http://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/2015-sleep-america-poll).\r\nPain management is therefore crucial to restoring better quality sleep.\r\nSeveral [studies](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503660/)\r\nhave already confirmed the analgesic effect of marijuana in chronic pain\r\nassociated with neuropathy (peripheral nerve dysfunction) and spasticity\r\n(muscle control disorder), conditions that manifest in a host of\r\ndiseases, like cardiovascular, diabetes, and HIV. As science reveals,\r\nmedical marijuana does have a role in pain and sleep management.","image":{"childImageSharp":{"fluid":{"base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.5037593984962405,"src":"/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/14b42/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.jpg","srcSet":"/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/f836f/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.jpg 200w,\n/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/2244e/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.jpg 400w,\n/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/14b42/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.jpg 800w,\n/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/16310/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.jpg 1024w","srcWebp":"/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/58556/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.webp","srcSetWebp":"/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/61e93/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.webp 200w,\n/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/1f5c5/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.webp 400w,\n/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/58556/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.webp 800w,\n/static/162281cb58c210e9022d3662ed8fb765/cc834/a7c678171523210641d6cf8bf995297e.webp 1024w","sizes":"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"}}}}}]}},"pageContext":{"limit":12,"skip":96,"numPages":9,"currentPage":9,"id":5724,"name":"Science & Research","slug":"science-and-research","country":"US"}},"staticQueryHashes":["3949754563","4179947113","4202924991"]}